A source of formaldehyde for methylating a primary or secondary amine is part of an electrochemical measurement. The source of formaldehyde may be an adduct of formaldehyde.

A source of formaldehyde for methylating a primary or secondary amine is part of an electrochemical measurement. The source of formaldehyde may be an adduct of formaldehyde.

Electrochemical cells and methods for their production are provided. In particular, multi-well assay plates including multi-electrode wells are provided. The multi-electrode wells contain multiple electrodes that are electrically isolated from one another, permitting the various electrodes of the various wells to be addressed in any suitable combination.

Electrochemical cells and methods for their production are provided. In particular, multi-well assay plates including multi-electrode wells are provided. The multi-electrode wells contain multiple electrodes that are electrically isolated from one another, permitting the various electrodes of the various wells to be addressed in any suitable combination.

A high-gain and low-noise negative feedback control (“feedback control”) system can detect charge transfer in quantum systems at room temperatures. The feedback control system can attenuate dissipative coupling between a quantum system and its thermodynamic environment. The feedback control system can be integrated with standard commercial voltage-impedance measurement system, for example, a potentiostat. In one aspect, the feedback control system includes a plurality of electrodes that are configured to electrically couple to a sample, and a feedback mechanism coupled to a first electrode of the plurality of electrodes. The feedback mechanism is configured to detect a potential associated with the sample via the first electrode. The feedback mechanism provides a feedback signal to the sample via a second electrode of the plurality of electrodes, the feedback signal is configured to provide excitation control of the sample at a third electrode of the plurality of electrode.

A high-gain and low-noise negative feedback control (“feedback control”) system can detect charge transfer in quantum systems at room temperatures. The feedback control system can attenuate dissipative coupling between a quantum system and its thermodynamic environment. The feedback control system can be integrated with standard commercial voltage-impedance measurement system, for example, a potentiostat. In one aspect, the feedback control system includes a plurality of electrodes that are configured to electrically couple to a sample, and a feedback mechanism coupled to a first electrode of the plurality of electrodes. The feedback mechanism is configured to detect a potential associated with the sample via the first electrode. The feedback mechanism provides a feedback signal to the sample via a second electrode of the plurality of electrodes, the feedback signal is configured to provide excitation control of the sample at a third electrode of the plurality of electrode.

This disclosure relates to the detection of whole blood hemolysis in a sample of whole blood. More specifically, this disclosure describes detecting hemolysis using one or more novel ratios of intercellular concentrations of whole blood analytes.

This disclosure relates to the detection of whole blood hemolysis in a sample of whole blood. More specifically, this disclosure describes detecting hemolysis using one or more novel ratios of intercellular concentrations of whole blood analytes.

An apparatus includes an oxide layer having ion transport channels that facilitate the migration of oxygen ions from a first side to a second side of the layer. Specifically, molecular oxygen is decomposed into oxygen ions at the first side, and oxygen ions recombine into molecular oxygen at the second side. The apparatus includes a first chamber having a polarizable medium located on the second side of the oxide layer; a second chamber having an analyte that includes dissolved oxygen is located on the first side. The apparatus further includes a gate electrode that is in contact with, and applies a voltage to, the polarizable medium; in this manner, an electric field is applied to the second side of the oxide layer, which drives oxygen ions across the oxide layer. The apparatus can be used as an oxygen sensor, e.g., for detecting oxygen in a liquid such as blood.

The invention relates to a method for the controlled delivery of a drug as a function of bioavailable drug concentration, a sensor device for detecting bioavailable drug concentration, and a delivery device that controls delivery of the drug based on the real-time detection of bioavailable drug concentration.