Described herein are trehalose analogues. Also described herein are methods of making the trehalose analogues and uses of the analogues. For example, the disclosed trehalose analogues may be useful in the detection of bacteria.

A method of and apparatus (18) are described for assessing fat in whey in the making of a dairy product in accordance with a dairy product recipe. The method comprises the steps of: a. using one or more optical sensors (61, 62, 63, 64) to sense at least one stream (22, 24, 27, 29) of whey separated from curd in dairy product making apparatus (18) and generate one or more signals indicative of the degree of occlusion of the stream (22, 24, 27, 29) of whey; b. converting or processing one or more said signals as a measure of the specific mass of fat lost from curd in a dairy product making plant (18) in the stream of whey; c. assessing whether the value of specific mass of fat lost obtained in Step b lies within or outside a predetermined fat loss range; and d. if the said value of specific mass of fat lost is outside the predetermined range, adjusting the recipe so that the value of specific mass of fat lost lies within the predetermined range.

A method of and apparatus (18) are described for assessing fat in whey in the making of a dairy product in accordance with a dairy product recipe. The method comprises the steps of: a. using one or more optical sensors (61, 62, 63, 64) to sense at least one stream (22, 24, 27, 29) of whey separated from curd in dairy product making apparatus (18) and generate one or more signals indicative of the degree of occlusion of the stream (22, 24, 27, 29) of whey; b. converting or processing one or more said signals as a measure of the specific mass of fat lost from curd in a dairy product making plant (18) in the stream of whey; c. assessing whether the value of specific mass of fat lost obtained in Step b lies within or outside a predetermined fat loss range; and d. if the said value of specific mass of fat lost is outside the predetermined range, adjusting the recipe so that the value of specific mass of fat lost lies within the predetermined range.

The present subject matter provides biosensors for bicarbonate and calcium as well as compositions, devices, and methods comprising such biosensors.

The present subject matter provides biosensors for bicarbonate and calcium as well as compositions, devices, and methods comprising such biosensors.

Method for continuous determining of fat content of milk having variable solids fractions and flowing with variable gas content in a pipeline, comprising: ascertaining a value for velocity of sound and an average density value for milk flowing in the pipeline based on eigenfrequencies of at least two bending oscillation wanted modes of measuring tubes of a densimeter arranged in the pipeline; ascertaining a value for static pressure in the pipeline by means of a pressure sensor connected to the pipeline; ascertaining a value for gas volume fraction based on the value for the velocity of sound, the value for the average density and the value for the pressure; ascertaining a value of density of milk flowing in the pipeline without gas content based on the value for the average density and based on the value for the gas volume fraction; ascertaining a value for permittivity of milk flowing in the pipeline based on at least one measuring of propagation velocity and/or absorption of microwaves in the milk by means of a microwave sensor arranged in the pipeline; and calculating fat fraction based on the value of the density of the milk flowing in the pipeline without gas content and the value for the effective permittivity.

Method for continuous determining of fat content of milk having variable solids fractions and flowing with variable gas content in a pipeline, comprising: ascertaining a value for velocity of sound and an average density value for milk flowing in the pipeline based on eigenfrequencies of at least two bending oscillation wanted modes of measuring tubes of a densimeter arranged in the pipeline; ascertaining a value for static pressure in the pipeline by means of a pressure sensor connected to the pipeline; ascertaining a value for gas volume fraction based on the value for the velocity of sound, the value for the average density and the value for the pressure; ascertaining a value of density of milk flowing in the pipeline without gas content based on the value for the average density and based on the value for the gas volume fraction; ascertaining a value for permittivity of milk flowing in the pipeline based on at least one measuring of propagation velocity and/or absorption of microwaves in the milk by means of a microwave sensor arranged in the pipeline; and calculating fat fraction based on the value of the density of the milk flowing in the pipeline without gas content and the value for the effective permittivity.

Described herein is a method for predicting the methane (CH.sub.4) emission of a dairy cow, the method including: a) determining the total amount of milk of a dairy cow per one day; b) determining the energy corrected milk value (ECM) of the milk of the dairy cow of the same day as in a); c) determining the percentage amount of saturated fatty acids (SFAs) of the total milk fat of the dairy cow of the same day as in a) and the percentage amount of stearic acid (C18:0) of the total milk fat of the dairy cow of the same day; d) calculating the daily amount of methane emitted by the dairy cow based on the ECM as determined according to b), the percentage amount of SFAs of the total milk fat as determined according to c), and the percentage amount of C18:0 of the total milk fat as determined according to c).

Described herein is a method for predicting the methane (CH.sub.4) emission of a dairy cow, the method including: a) determining the total amount of milk of a dairy cow per one day; b) determining the energy corrected milk value (ECM) of the milk of the dairy cow of the same day as in a); c) determining the percentage amount of saturated fatty acids (SFAs) of the total milk fat of the dairy cow of the same day as in a) and the percentage amount of stearic acid (C18:0) of the total milk fat of the dairy cow of the same day; d) calculating the daily amount of methane emitted by the dairy cow based on the ECM as determined according to b), the percentage amount of SFAs of the total milk fat as determined according to c), and the percentage amount of C18:0 of the total milk fat as determined according to c).

The present subject matter provides biosensors for bicarbonate and calcium as well as compositions, devices, and methods comprising such biosensors.