The present disclosure provides a reference electrode for providing a reference potential during measurement of a property of a sample. The reference electrode comprising: a reference electrode layer; and a reference layer provided over at least a part of the reference electrode layer and defining a sample receiving region which is separated from the reference electrode layer by the reference layer. In one embodiment, the reference layer comprises fluorinated or silanized graphene and/or fluorinated or silanized graphene oxide. Alternatively, the graphene or graphene oxide are functionalised or doped so as to form a super-hydrophobic reference layer.

A sensing assembly comprises for detecting a property of a sample comprises a field effect transistor (FET) configured to output a first signal indicative of a property of a sample comprises: a first layer providing a sensing surface; a channel provided below the first layer; and a drain and a source in electrical communication with the channel. The sensing assembly may further comprise a gate provided below the first layer and the first layer comprises a one-dimensional or two-dimensional material. Alternatively or additionally, the first layer comprises N-polar hexagonal boron nitride (hBN).

A smart sensor system is provided which uses a monitoring electrode to produce a calibration output that can be used in-situ and in real-time to monitor and address reference electrode drift and to provide information regarding sensor operation. The monitoring electrode uses a redox chemistry that is either a non-active redox species that is not sensitive to changes in a solution being tested/monitored or a redox active species that sets a pH of the local environment proximal to the electrode when the electrode is contacted with a test and/or reference solution. The smart sensor system includes at least one of a solid-state electrochemical sensor; a glass electrode, a reduction oxidation sensor; and/or a glucose sensor and/or a sensor to monitor constituent parts of the solution composition.

The present disclosure discloses a method for producing an ISE half-cell, including the steps of: immersing a first end of a hollow body into a membrane solution comprising at least one solvent and an ion-specific ionophore; removing the hollow body from the membrane solution; drying the hollow body and evaporating the solvent from the membrane solution, whereby an ion-selective membrane is created at the immersed end of the hollow body; and completing the hollow body to make an ISE half-cell. The present disclosure also discloses an ISE half-cell that is produced according to such a method. The present disclosure further discloses a sensor and a multiparameter sensor comprising several such ISE half-cells.

In an embodiment, a hydrogen monitoring system comprises a plurality of sensing elements that individually comprise a working electrode, a counter electrode, an insulating layer located in between the working electrode and the counter electrode, a catalyst located on an end of both the working electrode and the counter electrode, an electrolyte located on the end of the sensing elements on both the working electrode and the counter electrode, between the working electrode and the counter electrode, and in contact with the catalyst, and an electrical circuit located on an opposite end of the sensing element that connects the working electrode and the counter electrode.

Voltammetric sensors prepared from composite materials and optionally using microfabrication techniques enable detection of analyte in sample volumes under ten microliters.

An electrochemical method for determining the sensitivity of at least one gas sensor. The method includes applying at least two electrical pulses to at least two parts of at least two electrodes of the gas sensor, recording the change of the current pattern induced in the at least two electrodes by the at least two pulses over time, calculating at least one value for the sensor sensitivity by applying an algorithm to the current pattern induced by the at least two pulses, and comparing the calculated sensitivity value to known gas sensitivity calibration data.

Electrochemical probes (or sensors), resistant to corrosive agents present in seawaters or in industrial waters, useful for detecting compounds present in water, are here described, wherein said probes comprise at least one polymer matrix electrode, in which said electrode is selected from the group comprising counter electrode, reference electrode and working electrode.

The present disclosure relates to a cell potential detection apparatus that can prevent a culture solution from being contaminated by a component harmful to cells, a method for manufacturing the cell potential detection apparatus, and an information processing system. The cell potential detection apparatus includes a cell potential detection chip including an electrode section configured to detect a potential of a cell, a member included in a liquid storage section configured to store a culture solution for the cell, and a film covering a liquid contact surface of the member and being harmless to the cell, the liquid contact surface being configured to contact the culture solution. The present technology can be applied to, for example, a semiconductor module in which a chip for detecting a potential at an action potential generation point generated due to a chemical change in a cell is packaged.

The proposal relates to a sensor having a solid-state layered structure, including the following elements: a first layer including a semiconductor material; a second layer including a gold material and an oxygen material; and an insulation layer arranged between the first and second layers.