A transparent pressure sensor and a manufacturing method thereof are provided. The transparent pressure sensor includes several layers of transparent electrodes, at least one pressure-sensitive deformation layer between the transparent electrodes, and a metal oxide layer. Each layer of the transparent electrodes is composed of nanowires, and the metal oxide layer is disposed in a space among the nanowires.

Provided is a microelectrode having a layered structure, including a layer containing a polymer compound having an aromatic ring (polymer compound layer) and a layer containing a conductive material (conductive layer), wherein a thickness of the polymer compound layer is 10 to 900 nm, a thickness of the conductive layer is 0.3 to 10 nm, and the microelectrode has a three-dimensional curved shape.

A silanized ITO electrode modified with ITO nanoparticles is described. ITO nanoparticles of cubic and semispherical shapes are immobilized on a silanized ITO film. The electrode may be used in an electrolytic cell to detect aqueous sulfide with a 0.5-1.4 M limit of detection. The electrode shows high specificity towards aqueous sulfide and a high reproducibility in measurement.

Light-addressable potentiometric sensing units are provided. A light-addressable potentiometric sensing unit comprises a conductive substrate, a metal oxide semiconductor layer, and a sensing layer. The metal oxide semiconductor layer is made of indium gallium zinc oxide, indium gallium oxide, indium zinc oxide, indium oxide co-doped with tin and zinc, tin oxide, or zinc oxide. The wide-band gap characteristic of the metal oxide semiconductor layer enables the light-addressable potentiometric sensing unit to resist the interference from visible light. The light-addressable potentiometric sensing unit therefore exhibits a more stable performance.

A silanized ITO electrode modified with ITO nanoparticles is described. ITO nanoparticles of cubic and semispherical shapes are immobilized on a silanized ITO film. The electrode may be used in an electrolytic cell to detect aqueous sulfide with a 0.5-1.4 M limit of detection. The electrode shows high specificity towards aqueous sulfide and a high reproducibility in measurement.

An oxidizing gas detection method and an apparatus thereof are provided for trace oxidizing gas detection. The detection method includes the following steps. First, perform an electroreduction reaction and a photoreduction reaction simultaneously to a metal oxide in which nanoconductors are distributed. Next, stop the electroreduction reaction and the photoreduction reaction, and read a resistance of the reduced metal oxide by applying a first pulse-width modulation signal. Next, provide an oxidizing gas to the reduced metal oxide, and photo-catalyze a redox reaction between the oxidizing gas and the reduced metal oxide. Next, read a resistance of the oxidized metal oxide by applying a second pulse-width modulation signal. Next, converse a concentration of the oxidizing gas according to a ratio of the resistance of the oxidized metal oxide and the resistance of the reduced metal oxide.

The described BPE-enabled device includes two separated chambers which perform detection and reporting independently. Analytical reaction of a target molecule in the analytical cell is coupled to and monitored by an electrochromic reaction in the reporting cell. The color change in the reporting cell can be determined spectrophotometrically by RGB analysis of a CCD image acquired via smartphone. This detection method provides a linear response and a low limit of detection due to the redox cycling behavior in both chambers. The BPE based electrochromic detector can be modified for sensing of multiple analytes by integrating three or more sets of detection chemistries into one single device. Multiple analytes with different concentrations can be detected within this device simultaneously. The BPE based electrochromic device can be used for metabolite detection, wherein a redox mediator can be combined with specific oxidases to form an electrochemical mediator-electrocatalyst pair that completes redox cycling reactions.

A class of devices enabled by ionic conductors is highly stretchable, fully transparent to light of all colors, biocompatible or biodegradable, and capable of operation at frequencies beyond 10 kilohertz and voltages above 10 kilovolts. These devices enabled by ionic conductors can be used as large strain actuators, full-range loudspeakers, as strain or pressure sensors and as stretchable interconnects. The electromechanical transduction is achieved without electrochemical reaction. When large stretchability and high optical transmittance are required, the ionic conductors have lower sheet resistance than all existing electronic conductors.

A coated electrode includes an electrode, a coating configured to immobilize biomolecules, and a coating configured to improve electron transfer rate. Methods of making the coated electrode are also provided. A biosensor comprises a plurality of electrodes, each electrode including the coated electrode.

A method of fabricating electrodes includes forming a first metallic film layer on an upper surface of a first material substrate, and attaching a first polymeric layer to the upper surface of the first material substrate to form a first opened microchannel. The method further includes forming a second metallic film layer on a portion of a lower surface of a second material substrate, and attaching a second polymeric layer to the lower surface of the second material substrate to form a second opened microchannel. The method also includes attaching the first opened microchannel to a bottom side of the membrane and the second opened microchannel to the top side of the membrane. The first metallic film layer and the second metallic film layer each constitute transparent electrodes and are positioned with the membrane therebetween.