The present invention teaches multiple three-dimensional nanosensing geometries for simultaneously assaying both large and small bio-related molecules in one device. The invention delivers broader sensitivity and selectivity than devices that assay small or large molecules separately. The combination assays all classes of molecules, e.g., proteins, lipoproteins, nucleoproteins, lipids, phospholipids, carbohydrates, nucleic acids, simple sugars, hormones, volatile organic compounds, drugs, drug metabolites, etc. Broad collection enables i) rapid and accurate diagnosis, ii) likely courses of treatments, and iii) timely feedback that monitors and follows the progressions of treatment(s). In one example, a patient's pattern of blood lipids, proteins—including proteins with alternate cleavage patterns, peptides—including endocrine peptides, thyroxine (and/or other hormones), and drug metabolites, forms a profile specific to that patient at that time. The profile is inputted for analysis by comparing it to a library of pooled data. Applying artificial intelligence (AI) to this comparison allows accurate diagnosis and then can suggest historically validated treatments most suited to that patient.

A method includes mounting an integrated electro-microfluidic probe card to a device area on a bio-sensor device wafer, wherein the electro-microfluidic probe card has a first major surface and a second major surface opposite the first major surface. The method further includes electrically connecting at least one electronic probe tip extending from the first major surface to a corresponding conductive area of the device area. The method further includes stamping a test fluid onto the device area. The method further includes measuring via the at least one electronic probe tip a first electrical property of one or more bio-FETs of the device area based on the test fluid.

A surface modified electrode is provided. The surface modified electrode includes a glassy carbon electrode (GCE) and a nanomaterial disposed on the glassy carbon electrode. The nanomaterial comprises carbon nanotubes (CNTs), and at least one of thallium oxide nanoparticles (Tl.sub.2O.sub.3.NPs), thallium oxide (Tl.sub.2O.sub.3) nanopowder, and thallium oxide carbon nanotube nanocomposites (Tl.sub.2O.sub.3.CNT NCs). A polymer matrix is configured to bind the glassy carbon electrode with the nanomaterial. A method of preparing the surface modified electrode is also disclosed. The surface modified electrode can be implemented in a biosensor for detecting a biological molecule, like choline.

A surface modified electrode is provided. The surface modified electrode includes a glassy carbon electrode (GCE) and a nanomaterial disposed on the glassy carbon electrode. The nanomaterial comprises carbon nanotubes (CNTs), and at least one of thallium oxide nanoparticles (Tl.sub.2O.sub.3.NPs), thallium oxide (Tl.sub.2O.sub.3) nanopowder, and thallium oxide carbon nanotube nanocomposites (Tl.sub.2O.sub.3.CNT NCs). A polymer matrix is configured to bind the glassy carbon electrode with the nanomaterial. A method of preparing the surface modified electrode is also disclosed. The surface modified electrode can be implemented in a biosensor for detecting a biological molecule, like choline.

Provided herein are devices (e.g., electrochemical sensors useful for detecting volatile organic compounds associated with certain diseases or conditions and/or diagnosing certain diseases or conditions). The devices comprise one or more layers of metal on a layer of silicon, and a layer of molecularly imprinted polymer in electrical communication with the one or more layers of metal, wherein the one or more layers of metal are each independently selected from a layer of chromium, platinum, gold, nickel, cobalt, tungsten, rhodium, iridium, silver, tin, titanium or tantalum, or an alloy thereof. Methods of using the devices (e.g., to detect one or more analytes in a sample, to detect and/or diagnose a disease or condition in a subject), and methods of making the devices are also provided.

A surface modified electrode is provided. The surface modified electrode includes a glassy carbon electrode (GCE) and a nanomaterial disposed on the glassy carbon electrode. The nanomaterial comprises carbon nanotubes (CNTs), and at least one of thallium oxide nanoparticles (Tl.sub.2O.sub.3.Math.NPs), thallium oxide (Tl.sub.2O.sub.3) nanopowder, and thallium oxide carbon nanotube nanocomposites (Tl.sub.2O.sub.3.Math.CNT NCs). A polymer matrix is configured to bind the glassy carbon electrode with the nanomaterial. A method of preparing the surface modified electrode is also disclosed. The surface modified electrode can be implemented in a biosensor for detecting a biological molecule, like choline.

A surface modified electrode is provided. The surface modified electrode includes a glassy carbon electrode (GCE) and a nanomaterial disposed on the glassy carbon electrode. The nanomaterial comprises carbon nanotubes (CNTs), and at least one of thallium oxide nanoparticles (Tl.sub.2O.sub.3.Math.NPs), thallium oxide (Tl.sub.2O.sub.3) nanopowder, and thallium oxide carbon nanotube nanocomposites (Tl.sub.2O.sub.3.Math.CNT NCs). A polymer matrix is configured to bind the glassy carbon electrode with the nanomaterial. A method of preparing the surface modified electrode is also disclosed. The surface modified electrode can be implemented in a biosensor for detecting a biological molecule, like choline.

A test strip for sampling a bodily fluid may include multiple layers of a substrate material, an adhesive between at least some of the multiple layers, and a microfluidic channel formed between at least some of the multiple layers. The test strip may further include multiple electrodes on one of the multiple layers, positioned and partially exposed within the microfluidic channel, an additional material positioned at or near an entrance to the microfluidic channel, to selectively limit the flow of at least one of bubbles or debris into the microfluidic channel, and at least one exit port in at least one of the multiple layers to allow for release of pressure from the test strip. In some embodiments, the test strip is a saliva analysis test strip. In some embodiments, the test strip includes multiple exit ports to prevent blockage of sample flow.

A device, liquid handling cartridge and related method for detecting the presence or absence of a chemical or biological target within a sample. The method includes the steps of: providing an electrochemical cell with a first electrode module and a second electrode; providing an electronic component between the first electrode module and the second electrode; introducing the sample into the electrochemical cell; measuring the potential difference between the first electrode module and second electrode; and confirming the presence of the chemical or biological target if the measured potential difference exceeds a predetermined threshold value.

The present invention relates to a biosensor for determining an analyte comprising a substrate, a working electrode comprising an electrically conductive pad in conductive contact with a mediator layer, and an enzyme layer in diffusion-enabling contact with said mediator layer, wherein said mediator layer is an electrodeposited mediator layer, and wherein said mediator layer comprises, in an embodiment consists of, an electrocatalytic agent. The present invention further relates to a method for manufacturing a biosensor, comprising providing a substrate having at least one conductive pad, electrodepositing a mediator layer onto at least part of said conductive pad, wherein said mediator layer comprises, in an embodiment consists of, an electrocatalytic agent, and depositing an enzyme layer onto at least part of said mediator layer. Moreover, the present invention relates to uses and methods related to the biosensor of the present invention.