Methods and apparatus relating to very large scale FET arrays for analyte measurements. ChemFET (e.g., ISFET) arrays may be fabricated using conventional CMOS processing techniques based on improved FET pixel and array designs that increase measurement sensitivity and accuracy, and at the same time facilitate significantly small pixel sizes and dense arrays. Improved array control techniques provide for rapid data acquisition from large and dense arrays. Such arrays may be employed to detect a presence and/or concentration changes of various analyte types in a wide variety of chemical and/or biological processes. In one example, chemFET arrays facilitate DNA sequencing techniques based on monitoring changes in the concentration of inorganic pyrophosphate (PPi), hydrogen ions, and nucleotide triphosphates.

An analyte detector for detecting at least one analyte in at least one fluid sample is proposed. The analyte detector comprises at least one multipurpose electrode exposable to the fluid sample. The analyte detector further comprises at least one field-effect transistor in electrical contact with the at least one multipurpose electrode. The analyte detector further comprises at least one electrochemical measurement device configured for performing at least one electrochemical measurement using the multipurpose electrode.

Various examples are provided for low cost disposable medical sensors fabricated on glass, paper or plastics, and applications thereof. In one example, a medical sensor includes a base structure comprising a functionalized sensing area; and a transistor disposed on the base structure adjacent to the functionalized sensing area. In another example, a medical sensor includes a base structure comprising a functionalized sensing area disposed on a first electrode pad and a reference sensing area disposed on a second electrode pad separated from the first electrode pad; and a transistor having a gate electrically coupled to the second electrode pad of the base structure. A gate pulse applied to the functionalized sensing can produce a drain current corresponding to an amount of a target present in a sample disposed on the base structure.

Aspects of the present disclosure provide measurement devices and methods for detecting electrical characteristics of devices under test (DUTs), such as semiconductor nanowires. Techniques described herein provide programmable measurement devices that may be implemented in a compact form factor while being able to perform reliable measurements. In some embodiments, measurement devices described herein may be programmed to modulate signals for transmitting to a DUT, and may demodulate signals from the DUTs adaptively using self-programming techniques described herein. Such self-programming may include applying a programmable phase delay to oscillator signals used during demodulation. In some embodiments, such measurement devices may be implemented on a single circuit board, in a single integrated circuit package, or even on a single solid-state semiconductor die. Techniques described herein may enable reliable, inexpensive, and small-scale fluid sample measurement devices.

The present patent disclosure concerns a sensor device comprising a sensor electrode for measuring an analyte concentration in an aqueous solution and a method of preparing a sensor electrode, wherein the sensor electrode comprises a substrate having conductive means, a polymer mixture deposited on the sensor electrode adjacent to and/or in contact with the conductive means, wherein the polymer mixture comprises a semiconducting polymer comprised of monomeric units comprising one or more aromatic, preferably thiophene, moieties along a backbone chain and at least two polar side chains covalently bonded to the backbone chain, wherein the semiconducting polymer has an electron and/or hole mobility of at least 1×10.sup.−2 cm.sup.2V.sup.−1s.sup.−1, preferably at least 1×10.sup.−1 cm.sup.2V.sup.−1s.sup.−1, and wherein the polymer mixture further comprises a hydrophilic polymer comprised of monomeric units comprising one or more carbon-carbon bonds and one or more of hydroxyl, ester, carbonyl or amide moieties, wherein the semiconducting polymer to hydrophilic polymer weight ratio ranges from 1:100 to 1:1, wherein the hydrophilic polymer is cross-linked with a mole ratio of cross-linked hydrophilic polymer monomer units to non cross-linked hydrophilic polymer ranging from 1 to 25%.

A biosensor includes a semiconductor layer having a first surface and a second surface opposite to the first surface, a FET device in the semiconductor layer, an isolation layer over the first surface of the semiconductor layer, a dielectric layer over the isolation layer and the first surface of the semiconductor layer, and a pair of first electrodes and a pair of second electrodes over the dielectric layer and separated from each other. The isolation layer has a rectangular opening substantially aligned with the FET device. The rectangular opening has pair of first sides and a pair of second sides. An extending direction of the pair of first sides is perpendicular to an extending direction of the pair of second sides. The pair of first electrodes is disposed over the pair of first sides, and the pair of second electrodes is disposed over the pair of second sides.

A semiconductor device according to the present invention includes a substrate, a plurality of electrodes on the substrate, an insulator provided with one or a plurality of openings exposing at least one electrode among the plurality of electrodes on the substrate, the insulator covering at least a portion of the plurality of electrodes, and a semiconductor sheet on the insulator and one or a plurality of exposed portions exposed from the one or the plurality of openings on the substrate.

Provided are methods of manufacturing comprising providing a FET base structure, the FET base structure comprising a substrate, a drain and a source; and providing a channel layer on the FET base structure; and providing a first layer on the FET base structure. The first layer comprises a one-dimensional or two-dimensional material and is arranged on an upper surface of the channel layer so as to form a sensing surface of the FET. The step of providing the channel layer comprises forming the channel layer and subsequently transferring the channel layer onto the FET base structure. Alternatively or additionally, the step of providing the first layer on the FET base structure comprises forming the first layer and subsequently transferring the first layer onto the FET base structure.

An organic electrochemical transistor including a source and drain connected by a conductive channel, a gate electrically connected to the conductive channel via an ionically stable layer, and a biological recognition layer in direct contact with the gate. The organic electrochemical transistor can be used to measure the concentration of a biological element in a biological sample. Also, an electronic device including the organic electrochemical transistor.

The present disclosure describes methods of detecting viral biomolecules such as viruses through frequency response. A method (200) of detecting a vims includes exposing (210) a sensor surface to a fluid sample containing a suspected virus. The sensor surface can be a surface of a resonator having a clean resonant frequency from about 1 MHz to about 1 GHz. The surface can be modified with molecular recognition groups selective for binding to the viral biomolecule. A resonant frequency of the resonator can be measured (220) after exposing the sensor surface to the fluid sample. The measured resonant frequency can be compared (230) with a clean resonant frequency indicating the presence of the viral biomolecule bound to the molecular recognition groups and then outputted (240) as a detection signal.