The present application relates to detection units and methods for detecting one or more target analytes in a sample using a complex formed by a target and first and second probes, wherein the complex comprises an elongated region, a particle that is coupled to the first probe, and a solid support that is coupled to the second probe. Specific binding of a target analyte can be distinguished from non-specific binding of the particle by measuring the displacement of the particle.

Methods and apparatus relating to very large scale FET arrays for analyte measurements. ChemFET (e.g., ISFET) arrays may be fabricated using conventional CMOS processing techniques based on improved FET pixel and array designs that increase measurement sensitivity and accuracy, and at the same time facilitate significantly small pixel sizes and dense arrays. Improved array control techniques provide for rapid data acquisition from large and dense arrays. Such arrays may be employed to detect a presence and/or concentration changes of various analyte types in a wide variety of chemical and/or biological processes. In one example, chemFET arrays facilitate DNA sequencing techniques based on monitoring changes in hydrogen ion concentration (pH), changes in other analyte concentration, and/or binding events associated with chemical processes relating to DNA synthesis.

A Fano resonator device can be used to sequence DNA or other macromolecules. The device includes customized molecular components, informed by computation analysis. Techniques for preparing and using the device also are disclosed. The device can be incorporated in a system that further includes a sample processing component and a flow chamber.

A method of detecting an analyte in a fluid sample includes exposing a sensor including a substrate and a sensor medium on the substrate to the fluid sample for a period of time. The sensor medium includes a plurality of nanostructures and one or more of at least one agent selected from the group consisting of an antibody, an antigen receptor or an antigen immobilized upon at least a portion of the plurality of nanostructures. The at least one agent is an antibody or an antigen receptor if the analyte is an antigen and is an antigen if the analyte is an antibody. An electrolyte liquid having a known ionic strength which is less than the fluid sample is added over the sensor medium subsequent to exposing the sensor to the fluid and a variable providing a measure of change in at least one property of the sensor medium which is dependent upon the presence of the analyte is measured in presence of the electrolyte liquid.

A system and apparatus for direct or indirect target substance signal measurement include an integrated circuit with an array of 2D FETs with corresponding 2D transistor channels and a gate area for receiving a volume of liquid with one or more chemical or biological target substances, a conductive source electrically coupled to a first end of the 2D transistor channel, a conductive drain electrically coupled to a second end of the 2D transistor channel, a ceramic coating over the conductive source and the conductive drain and a thin film layer of synthetic biopolymer specific binding agents is adsorbed to the top surface of the 2D transistor channel. Methods for the system and apparatus and for selecting the synthetic biopolymer specific binding agents based on absorptivity are disclosed.

In one embodiment, a device is described. The device includes a material defining a reaction region. The device also includes a plurality of chemically-sensitive field effect transistors have a common floating gate in communication with the reaction region. The device also includes a circuit to obtain respective output signals from the chemically-sensitive field effect transistors indicating an analyte within the reaction region.

The present application relates to detection units and methods for detecting one or more target analytes in a sample using a complex formed by a target and first and second probes, wherein the complex comprises an elongated region, a particle that is coupled to the first probe, and a solid support that is coupled to the second probe. Specific binding of a target analyte can be distinguished from non-specific binding of the particle by measuring the displacement of the particle.

A sensor apparatus includes a substrate, a semiconductor device disposed over the substrate, the semiconductor device having a surface electrode structure, and a saccharide coating formed over the surface electrode structure. The saccharide coating can be removed prior to use. The semiconductor device can further include a well and optionally a bead disposed in the well.

A device for base calling is provided. The device includes a receptacle configured to hold a biosensor having a sample surface holding a plurality of clusters during a sequence of sampling events, an array of sensors sensing information from clusters disposed in corresponding pixel areas of the sample surface during the sampling events and generate sequences of pixel signals and a communication port configured to output the sequences of pixel signals. The device also includes a signal processor coupled to the communication port and configured to receive and process at least one pixel signal in the sequences of pixel signals that mixes light gathered from at least two clusters in a corresponding pixel area, and to base call each of the at least two clusters using the at least one pixel signal.

A charge detector includes: a charge sensor that senses a charged analyte and produces a charge signal in response to contact with the charged analyte; a transducer in electrical communication with the charge sensor and that: receives the charge signal from the charge sensor, receives a feedback control signal; and produces a transduction signal in response to receipt of the charge signal and the feedback control signal; and a sensitivity controller in electrical communication with the transducer and that: receives the transduction signal from the transducer; produces the feedback control signal in response to receipt of the transduction signal from the transducer; and produces a charge readout in response to receipt of the transduction signal from the transducer.