Methods of detecting the presence of toxins in a sample using electrophoretic separations and of performing electrophoretic separation of complex samples are provided. The method of detecting the presence of toxins includes reacting a sample and a substrate with a signaling enzyme which converts the substrate to the product in a reaction medium, introducing a run buffer into a separation channel having an inlet end, selectively introducing at least one of the substrate and the product of the reaction medium into the inlet end of the separation channel, electrophoretically separating the substrate and the product, and determining the rate of conversion of the substrate to the product, wherein a change in the rate of conversion is indicative of the presence of toxins. The method of performing electrophoretic separations of complex samples having charged particulates and oppositely charged analytes comprising introducing a run buffer into a separation channel having an inlet end, selectively introducing the oppositely charged analytes in the complex sample into the separation channel, and electrophoretically separating the charged particulates and the oppositely charged analytes. Additionally, a device for varying with respect to time the bulk flow of a fluid in a separation channel of an electrophoretic device having a buffer reservoir in fluid contact with the separation channel is provided. The device includes a pressure sensor in fluid contact with a buffer reservoir, a high pressure reservoir in selective fluidic communication with the buffer reservoir, a low pressure reservoir in selective fluidic communication with the buffer reservoir and in fluidic communication with the high pressure reservoir, and a pumping device for pumping a gas from the low pressure reservoir to the high pressure reservoir.

A high-throughput multiplexing electrophoretic gel system is disclosed. The system includes a gel casting device which includes an interior, gel casting chamber by which a polymerized gel layer is formed. The polymerized gel layer includes a plurality of integrally formed sample loading wells. The wells are aligned to be simultaneously loaded with samples via an automated microliter multi-pipette sample loader. The sample-loaded gel layer is adapted to undergo immersed horizontal electrophoresis separation.

Provided herein are Mycobacterium smegmatis porin nanopores, systems that comprise these nanopores, and methods of using and making these nanopores. Such nanopores may be wild-type MspA porins, mutant MspA porins, wild-type MspA paralog porins, wild-type MspA homolog porins, mutant MspA paralog porins, mutant MspA homolog porins, or single-chain Msp porins. Also provided are bacterial strains capable of inducible Msp porin expression.

Embodiments include systems, apparatuses, and methods to efficiently separate analytes in a sample and elute fractions of the separated analytes. In some embodiments, a method includes introducing a sample in a capillary with a first end ionically coupled to a first running buffer and a second end ionically coupled to a second running buffer to form a pH gradient. The method includes applying a voltage between the first running buffer and the second running buffer, to separate a plurality of analytes in the sample. The method includes disposing the second end of the capillary in a collection well including a chemical mobilizer and applying a voltage to elute one or more analytes from the plurality of analytes in the sample, that have been separated, into the collection well. Embodiments include detection methods to monitor separation of analytes, mobilization of analytes, and/or elution of fractions containing analytes.

In a method for producing transparent biological preparations for examination by light microscopy biological tissue is electrophoretically clarified in that the tissue is immersed in an aqueous alkaline electrophoresis solution and is exposed to an electric field in the electrophoresis solution. The electrophoresis solution contains a buffer base, the cations of which have a molecular weight of at least 50 Da, at a concentration of 5 to 100 mol/m.sup.3 and a non-ionic detergent at a concentration of 0.1 to 10% (w/v).

A system and method for detecting a single-molecule using an integrated circuit which includes at least one membrane having a nanopore located between first and second reservoirs and a low-noise preamplifier having an electrode formed on the surface thereof is provided. The method includes passing a target molecule through the nanopore, and measuring a current through the nanopore to detect the presence of a biomolecular entity, if any.

An electrophoresis device of the present disclosure includes an electrophoresis path of a sample, a dispersion element for dispersing light from the sample within the electrophoresis path, a photodetector for detecting the light dispersed by the dispersion element, and a computation unit for determining a spectrum of the light on the basis of a signal from the photodetector, and is characterized in that the computation unit corrects the spectrum using correction factors determined for each migration condition or fluorescent dye.

A capillary cartridge achieves both improvement of attachability and improvement of heat dissipation performance for realizing short-time analysis. A heat dissipation body is provided between a capillary having a detection unit provided in a part thereof and a plate-like support body that supports the capillary, and temperature increase inside the capillary is suppressed by the heat dissipation body, and thereby, electrophoresis can be performed under a high voltage application condition where the amount of heat increases and analysis time is reduced. In addition, it is possible to redress complexity of an operation by reducing a fixing place at the time of attachment to only a detection unit and an electrode holder by using an integration structure in which the capillary, the supporting body, and the heat radiating body are integrated.

An electrophoresis device of the present disclosure includes: a capillary filled with a phoresis medium; a buffer container accommodating a buffer solution; a storage portion storing a sample container accommodating a sample; at least one autosampler transporting each of the sample container and the buffer container; and a control unit controlling driving of the autosampler, in which the control unit drives the autosampler such that, while the buffer container is disposed at a capillary position where one end portion of the capillary is positioned, the sample container is transported from the storage portion to a standby position near the capillary position, and, when the buffer container has been transported from the capillary position to the standby position, the sample container is transported from the standby position to the capillary position.

A biosensor system includes an array of biosensors with a plurality of electrodes situated proximate the biosensor. A controller is configured to selectively energize the plurality of electrodes to generate a DEP force to selectively position a test sample relative to the array of biosensors.