The present invention provides methods for detecting and quantifying metabolites in a biological sample by measuring the concentration of a test metabolite in the sample and comparing that concentration against the concentration of the reference metabolite; enabling accurate metabolite concentration measurements to determine aberrant drug usage patterns. Also disclosed is an analytical testing device and related computer-assisted products for detecting and quantifying metabolites in a biological sample efficiently and accurately.

The present invention discloses a detection apparatus, comprising a base layer, wherein the base layer comprises a groove for containing a testing element and a sample chamber for collecting a fluid sample. The detection apparatus can achieve fast, efficient and accurate detection of analytes in liquid samples, make operators to perform testing conveniently and freely, without causing incorrect results. In some preferred modes, the sample chamber comprises a liquid channel.

The present invention relates to roadside analyzer for determination of illegal drugs abuse, including, but not limiting to detection of explosives, toxic industrial chemicals and other banned or regulated compounds, biomarkers and phytochemicals in a sample in situ in at least one human body fluid sample, specifically in oral fluid (saliva), but not limiting to other clinical samples of interest (urine, blood, exhaled breath, exhaled breath condensate, etc.) It consists of automatic processor for preparing samples suitable for analysis. Analysis part of the instrument implements three technologies, namely solid phase extraction prior to analysis, capillary electrophoresis for separation of analytes from the sample matrix and impedance (contactless conductivity) or fluorescence or both impedance (contactless conductivity) and fluorescence for detection of analytes of interest.

Immunoassay methods and their requisite components for the detection and determination of phenethylamines of the 2C and DO sub-families are described.

Various techniques are provided to determine the presence of trace chemicals corresponding to various materials of interest. In one example, a method includes providing a chemical reporter of a chemical detector. The chemical reporter includes protonated 2-[5-methoxy-2-(4-phenyl-quinoline-2yl)-phenyl]-ethanol. A vapor-phase amine compound is subsequently received at the chemical reporter. The chemical detector then detects a response of the chemical reporter to the amine compound to determine whether materials of interest are present. Additional methods and related devices are also provided.

A cartridge for detection of target components in a liquid sample includes a sample chamber, at least two reservoirs that can be furnished with magnetic particles, and at least two corresponding sensitive zones in which solved magnetic particles and/or target components can be detected. When a magnetic actuation field of a given configuration is established in the sample chamber, the magnetic particles of different reservoirs migrate predominantly to different sensitive zones. Thus a mixing of magnetic particles can be avoided.

Provided herein are methods for rational design of nicotine haptens. More particularly, provided herein are methods for designing, selecting, and synthesizing nicotine haptens and nicotine hapten conjugates. Also provided herein are novel nicotine haptens and methods for using nicotine haptens to treat nicotine addiction.

The present invention provides a cocaine aptamer represented by at least one selected from the group consisting of the following chemical formula (CI) and the following chemical formula (CII),

5-R-DNA-L-Fc-3(CI)

5-Fc-L-DNA-R-3(CII) where R is selected from the group consisting of a hydrocarbon group and the derivative thereof; DNA consists of a gene sequence capable of binding to cocaine; L is absent or an optional linker; and Fc represents a ferrocene group.

The above-identified cocaine aptamer is used to detect cocaine with high sensitivity.

The present invention provides a cocaine aptamer represented by the following chemical formula (Cl),

R-DNA-L-Fc(Cl) where R is selected from the group consisting of a hydrocarbon group and the derivative thereof; DNA consists of a gene sequence capable of binding to cocaine; L is a linker represented by ((CH.sub.2).sub.2O).sub.n1PO.sub.4(CH.sub.2).sub.n2-L1; L1 is absent or an optional linker; n1 represents a natural number; n2 represents a natural number; and Fc represents a ferrocene group.

The cocaine aptamer is capable of detecting cocaine with high sensitivity.

Immunoassay methods and their requisite components for the detection and determination of phenethylamines of the 2C and DO sub-families are described.