A solid state electrically variable focal length lens includes a plurality of concentric rings of electro-optical material, wherein the electro-optical material comprises any material of a class of hydrogen-doped phase-change metal oxide and wherein each respective concentric ring further includes a transparent resistive sheet on a first face of the respective concentric ring, wherein the transparent resistive sheet extends along the first face, and a first voltage coupled between a first end and a second end of the transparent resistive sheet, wherein the first voltage may be varied to select an optical beam deflection angle.

An electro-optic modulator of a test and measurement system. The electro-optic modulator includes a first electrode, a second electrode with identical electrical characteristics as the first electrode and an optical waveguide between the first electrode and the second electrode. The first electrode and the second electrode present a balanced load to a device under test.

A touch substrate and a manufacturing method thereof, and a display device are provided. The touch substrate includes: a first touch electrode, a second touch electrode, and a first wire; the first touch electrode extending from a first side edge of a touch region to a second side edge thereof; the second touch electrode extending from a third side edge of the touch region to a fourth side edge thereof; the first wire extending within the touch region after being electrically connected to either the first touch electrode or the second touch electrode, and extending from the fourth side edge to a wiring region located at the fourth side edge.

A display device that is provided with a light-transmitting shutter element panel wherein shutter elements that control light transmission are arranged in a matrix and with a backlight panel that has organic electroluminescence elements and that is arranged so as to overlap the shutter element panel. The organic electroluminescence elements used in the display device are layered elements wherein light-emitting units of different colors are sandwiched between a plurality of electrodes and single-layer elements wherein a white light-emitting unit or a light-emitting unit of the complementary color of any of the different colors is sandwiched between a pair of electrodes. The layered elements and the single-layer elements are arranged so as to overlap the shutter elements in stripes that run parallel to the direction in which the shutter elements are arrayed.

Provided is a display device that can reduce electric power consumption. The display device is provided with a backlight (100) and with a field-sequential display panel (200). The backlight has light-emitting units that comprise an organic electroluminescence element in which are layered a plurality of light-emitting units that emit light of different colors. The light-emitting units that can emit white light or yellow light are provided furthest to a light-emission-surface side.

Provided is a display device that can perform stable field-sequential drive. The display device is provided with a backlight (100) and with a field-sequential display panel (200). The backlight has light-emitting units that are organic electroluminescence elements that can emit light of the three primary colors red, green, and blue. At least one electrode of the organic electroluminescence elements comprises Ag or an alloy that includes Ag as a principal component.

A first substrate (10) in a liquid crystal display device (100) includes a first electrode (11) provided in each pixel and a second electrode (12) generating a lateral electric field in a liquid crystal layer (30) together with the first electrode. A second substrate (20) includes a third electrode (21) generating a vertical electric field in the liquid crystal layer together with the first electrode and the second electrode. Each pixel exhibits, in a switched manner, a black display state where black display is provided in a state where the vertical electric field is generated in the liquid crystal layer, a white display state where white display is provided in a state where the lateral electric field is generated in the liquid crystal layer, and a transparent display state where a rear side of a liquid crystal display panel (1) is seen through in a state where no voltage is applied to the liquid crystal layer. A potential difference between the first electrode and the second electrode at each gray scale level from a lowest level to a highest level is 60% or less of a potential difference between the second electrode and the third electrode in the black display state.

Provided is an electro-optical phase modulation system, including: an electro-optical crystal, a radio frequency circuit and a light source, light incident surface of the electro-optical crystal is in parallel with light exit surface, upper electrode surface thereof is in parallel with lower electrode surface, and an angle between light incident surface and upper electrode surface is Brewster angle; two electrodes of radio frequency circuit are connected to upper and lower electrode surfaces respectively, for transmitting radio frequency signals to upper and lower electrode surfaces, so that an electric filed, direction of which is perpendicular to upper electrode surface, is formed between upper and lower electrode surfaces; light source is located at a side of light incident surface, and incidence angle of beams from light source with respect to light incident surface is Brewster angle. The system is used to reduce residual amplitude modulation, and increase accuracy of phase modulation.

An aspect of the present invention is an optical modulator including a substrate, a plurality of optical waveguides, and a plurality of modulation electrodes provided on the substrate in order to modulate light propagating through the optical waveguides. The modulation electrodes include signal electrodes, to which modulation signals are supplied, and ground electrodes. The signal electrodes include first and second signal electrodes. The ground electrodes include a first ground electrode provided between the first and second signal electrodes, a second ground electrode provided on the opposite side of the first signal electrode from the first ground electrode adjacent to the first signal electrode, and a third ground electrode provided on the opposite side of the second signal electrode from the first ground electrode adjacent to the second signal electrode. A concave groove is formed in each of the first to third ground electrodes.

A lithium niobate waveguide having weak phase drift includes a lithium niobate layer, a metal electrode, and a substrate layer. The lithium niobate layer includes a lithium niobate central ridge and lithium niobate extension surfaces extending towards two sides of the lithium niobate central ridge. A metal oxide layer is arranged on the upper surface of the lithium niobate central ridge. The substrate layer is located on the lower surface of the lithium niobate layer and is made of silicon, silicon dioxide, a multilayer material made of silicon and silicon dioxide or a multilayer material made of silicon dioxide, metal, and silicon, so as to further realize the purpose of inhibiting phase drift. Compared with other doped structures or other structures, the structure is simple in manufacturing method, and moreover, a very good phase drift suppression effect is achieved.