Disclosed herein is a sensor for measuring perfluoroalkyl acids and/or polyfluoroalkyl acids. The sensor includes a working electrode, a counter electrode and optionally a reference electrode. The working electrode includes a film disposed on the surface of the working electrode and the film includes a perfluorinated anion exchange ionomer. A method of using the sensor to detect perfluoroalkyl acids and/or polyfluoroalkyl acids is also described.

According to an example aspect of the present invention, there is provided a disposable multilayer test strip comprising a substrate onto which is deposited an electrode assembly comprising a carbon-based working electrode, a carbon-based counter electrode, a pseudoreference electrode, wherein the pseudo reference electrode, the working electrode and the counter electrode, are arranged adjacent to each other in the same plane, contacts for contacting the electrodes directly to a voltage supply, and the test strip further comprises a permselective membrane layer. The electrodes of the electrode assembly layer are electrically separated from one another and said electrode assembly layer is positioned between the substrate and the permselective membrane layer. The permselective membrane has a structure adapted to allow passage of one or more electronically neutral analytes in a sample to be analysed across the permselective membrane to the electrode assembly.

In vitro diagnostic sensors are disclosed that include membranes formed of a polymer matrix that has been modified to contain surface adhesion functional group(s) that enables attachment of the membrane to a substrate of the sensor. Also disclosed are membranes of these sensors as well as multi-sensor arrays that include multiple sensors. In addition, methods of producing and using these membranes, sensors, and arrays are disclosed.

This disclosure relates to creatinine biosensors and the uses thereof. More specifically, this disclosure describes potentiometric creatinine sensors which utilizes one or both of a type of enzyme capable of directly producing ammonium ions (NH4+) as a consequence of coming into contact with a liquid sample and an internal fill solution with a low free ammonium ion concentration.

An electrochemical sensor (10) for measuring biochemical parameters in the sap (L) of a plant (P), comprising: —a channel in which the sap (L) of a plant (P) flows; —a first electrically conductive filament (11) which crosses the channel; —a control electrode (12) which crosses the channel; wherein the channel comprises a conductor vessel (C) of a trunk (D) of the plant (P), and wherein the first filament (11) comprises a textile fiber (110) coated with a layer (111) of conductive polymer.

This disclosure relates to a glucose-sensing electrode including a nanoporous metal layer and a maltose-blocking layer formed over the nanoporous metal layer. The nanoporous metal layer is capable of oxidizing both glucose and maltose without an enzyme specific to glucose or maltose in the glucose-sensing electrode. The maltose-blocking layer has porosity that permits glucose to pass therethrough and inhibits maltose from passing therethrough toward the nanoporous metal layer.

A method of application to provide a workable solution for tracking the hardness of water utilizing an ion selective electrode by tracking the relative hardness of water at the outflow or egress of an ion exchange column. A monovalent cation exchange membrane (ion selective electrode) distinguishes hard water and softened water in a water flow stream. A voltage is applied across the membrane, facilitating the movement of sodium though the membrane (such that anions and divalent ions are excluded), and the current is measured. The change in current (delta current) is used to determine the hard water concentration or level of hardness in an influent stream. A second application estimates or detects the exhaustion of an ion exchanger, and/or determines the regeneration time/cycle of the ion exchanger through the use of an ion selective membrane. Blending of the influent hard water and effluent soft water allows a user to control hardness levels of the effluent.

An electrode and a method of making an electrode includes treating polymers that contain functional groups, which by surface functionalization, such as hydrolysis, ozone treatment or carbon-carbon double-bond oxidation to produce hydroxyl functional groups on the surface. Reacting methacryloyl chloride with the resulting hydroxyl functional groups thereby providing a reactive surface. Photopolymerizing or thermal polymerization of crosslinked acrylate or methacrylate polymers on the reactive surface to produce a membrane covalently bonded to the underlying substrate. In addition such an electrode can also be produced on a polystyrene substrate by reacting methacryloyl chloride with the polystyrene substrate and photopolymerizing or thermally polymerizing to produce crosslinked acrylate or methacrylate polymers on the reactive surface to produce a membrane covalently bonded to the underlying polystyrene substrate.

This disclosure relates to a glucose-sensing electrode including a nanoporous metal layer and an electrolyte ion-blocking layer formed over the nanoporous metal layer. The nanoporous metal layer is capable of oxidizing both glucose and maltose without an enzyme specific to glucose in the glucose-sensing electrode. The electrolyte ion-blocking layer is configured to inhibit Na.sup.+, K.sup.+, Ca.sup.2+, Cl.sup.−, PO.sub.4.sup.3− and CO.sub.3.sup.2− from diffusing toward the nanoporous metal layer such that there is a substantial discontinuity of a combined concentration of Na.sup.+, K.sup.+, Ca.sup.2+, Cl.sup.−, PO.sub.4.sup.3− and CO.sub.3.sup.2− between over and below the electrolyte ion-blocking layer.

The present invention addresses the problem of improving both ion-selective electrode stability and adhesion between a sensitive film and a casing. This ion-selective electrode is characterized by being provided with: a sensitive membrane containing an ion-selective substance, a substrate, and a plasticizer; and a casing that holds the sensitive membrane, and by the casing material containing a substance having a solubility parameter (SP value) of 19.5 to 21.5.