Methods for determining lipid composition. The lipid(s) in a composition may include phospholipids. A method may be carried out on an individual cell. A method may compare the Raman spectrum of the portion of a cell with a model Raman spectrum, which does not include the lipid component, where the difference between the Raman spectrum of the portion of the cell and the model Raman spectrum correlates to the lipid composition in the portion of the cell in the portion of the cell). A method may be used to diagnose a disease such as, for example, cancers, including breast cancer, prostate cancer, and via the presence and/or absence of abnormal or damaged cells in an individual.

A new way of establishing clinical-grade exosome banks includes breakthroughs on three fundamental pre-requisite criteria. These three breakthroughs are developing a novel protocol for isolating exosomes, developing a simple and rapid test to predict potency, and using a novel cryoprotectant solution, trehalose solution, to store exosomes. Conditioned media culture is clarified using the SYR2-U20 KR2i automated TFF system. The culture then undergoes two distinct concentration processes, after which the exosomes can be concentrated into 1 ml. Furthermore, a simple and rapid test can predict the potency of mesenchymal stem cell, derived exosomes in T cell suppression assay. A higher percentage of CD90 has been found to be correlated with higher suppression activity. These tests can be used for quality controls in clinical trial. Furthermore, the usage of trehalose solution increases the stability of exosomes and keeps their potencies over long periods of time.

Ex vivo monolayer models of human interstinal epithelia that express sensors, and methods of use thereof for evaluation of the effects of test compounds on the human gut.

The invention relates generally to a process for isolating subpopulations of EVs to identify biomarkers useful identifying, determining the progression of, and/or prognosing a disease, including a neurological disease. More particularly, the present invention relates to detection technology of various exosomal biomarkers including proteins, protein modifications, sugars, RNA, DNA, lipids, and metabolites, and combinations thereof.

Methods for producing engineered exosomes and other vesicle-like biological targets, including allowing a target vesicle-like structure to react and bind with immunomagnetic particles; capturing the immunomagnetic particle/vesicle complex by applying a magnetic field; further engineering the captured vesicles by surface modifying with additional active moieties or internally loading with active agents; and releasing the engineered vesicle-like structures, such as by photolytically cleaving a linkage between the particle and engineered vesicle-like structures, thereby releasing intact vesicle-like structures which can act as delivery vehicles for therapeutic treatments.

The present disclosure relates to chemical dyes useful for staining and imaging of cells. In particular, the disclosure relates to compound of Formula I, method of preparation thereof, and it's use as a fluorescent probe for staining and/or imaging mitochondria in cells, tissues or animals, resulting in a range of applications including, but not limiting, to sensing local ordering or viscosity of mitochondria, tracking mitochondrial mobility, comparing & evaluating mitochondrial function, local ordering, microviscosity and dynamics. Said dyes have additional advantages including, but not limiting, to low toxicity, longer shelf-life, generate little or no reactive species upon long term light irradiation and do not perturb the functionality of the mitochondria in cells compared to prior art dyes.

##STR00001##

A pyrene-based compound for imaging intracellular organelles, where the pyrene-based compound is defined by a formula selected from the group consisting of:

##STR00001##

The G.sup.+ of the pyrene-based compound is selected from the group consisting of a pyridinium or a benzothiazolium group. The R group of the pyrene-based compound is selected from the group consisting of a methyl group, an ethyl group, a propyl group or a benzyl group.

The present invention relates to methods and kits for prognosing, treating, and managing treatment of cancer in a subject. The methods involve selecting a subject having cancer and obtaining, from the selected subject, a sample containing exosomes or an S100 molecule containing sample. The exosomes or S100 molecule containing sample, respectively, are then contacted with one or more reagents suitable to detect higher or lower levels or the presence or absence of one or more integrins on said exosomes or higher or lower levels or the presence or absence of one or more S100 molecules in the S100 molecule containing sample. The cancer is then prognosed, treatment is administered, or treatment is managed.

A method of examining a possibility of a subject having pancreatic cancer, including measuring GPRC5C (G protein-coupled receptor family C group 5 member C) present in an exosome in a specimen collected from the subject.

Disclosed are compositions comprising an antibody conjugated to one or more molecular guidance system (MGS) peptides. Disclosed are methods of treating a subject in need thereof comprising administering to the subject in need thereof an effective amount of an antibody conjugated to one or more MGS peptides, wherein the antibody targets an intracellular target involved in the disease process. Disclosed are methods of targeting an intracellular target comprising administering an antibody conjugated to one or more MGS peptides, wherein the antibody targets an intracellular target.