A processing and detection system for detecting presence of at least one gluten protein in a food sample comprises a food processor including: a reservoir containing a process liquid for processing the food sample; a body that comprises a chamber configured to receive the food sample; and a pressing surface configured to press on the reservoir to cause the process liquid to exit the reservoir and mix with the food sample, thereby generating a processed food liquid; and an exit port configured to conduct the processed food liquid out of the food processor; and a cartridge including: at least one sensor configured to receive the processed food liquid and to generate an electrical signal in response to interaction with the at least one gluten protein in the processed food liquid, and an analyzer in electrical communication with the at least one sensor for detecting the electrical signal and determining the presence of the at least one gluten protein in the food sample based on the detected electrical signal.

A processing and detection system for detecting presence of at least one gluten protein in a food sample comprises a food processor including: a reservoir containing a process liquid for processing the food sample; a body that comprises a chamber configured to receive the food sample; and a pressing surface configured to press on the reservoir to cause the process liquid to exit the reservoir and mix with the food sample, thereby generating a processed food liquid; and an exit port configured to conduct the processed food liquid out of the food processor; and a cartridge including: at least one sensor configured to receive the processed food liquid and to generate an electrical signal in response to interaction with the at least one gluten protein in the processed food liquid, and an analyzer in electrical communication with the at least one sensor for detecting the electrical signal and determining the presence of the at least one gluten protein in the food sample based on the detected electrical signal.

The invention provides methods of immobilizing an active agent to a substrate surface, including the steps of, providing a substrate, contacting the substrate with a solution of a compound including a trihydroxyphenyl group, thereby forming a trihydroxyphenyl-treated substrate, and contacting the trihydroxyphenyl-treated substrate with an active agent, thereby immobilizing the active agent on the substrate. Further provided are methods of immobilizing an active agent on a substrate, including the steps of providing a substrate, combining a solution of a compound including a trihydroxyphenyl group with a solution of an active agent, thereby forming a solution of an active agent-trihydroxyphenyl conjugate, and contacting the substrate with the solution of the active agent-trihydroxyphenyl conjugate, thereby immobilizing the active agent on the substrate. The invention further provides substrates and medical device or device components with active agents immobilized on the surface thereof.

The invention provides methods of immobilizing an active agent to a substrate surface, including the steps of, providing a substrate, contacting the substrate with a solution of a compound including a trihydroxyphenyl group, thereby forming a trihydroxyphenyl-treated substrate, and contacting the trihydroxyphenyl-treated substrate with an active agent, thereby immobilizing the active agent on the substrate. Further provided are methods of immobilizing an active agent on a substrate, including the steps of providing a substrate, combining a solution of a compound including a trihydroxyphenyl group with a solution of an active agent, thereby forming a solution of an active agent-trihydroxyphenyl conjugate, and contacting the substrate with the solution of the active agent-trihydroxyphenyl conjugate, thereby immobilizing the active agent on the substrate. The invention further provides substrates and medical device or device components with active agents immobilized on the surface thereof.

In one aspect, a method of detecting a pathogen, e.g., listeria bacterium, chlamydia bacteria, gonorrhea bacteria and/or HPV, in a sample is disclosed, which comprises bringing a sample into contact with a graphene layer functionalized with an antibody exhibiting specific binding to the pathogen, monitoring electrical resistance of said antibody-functionalized graphene layer in response to interaction with said sample, and detecting presence of the pathogen in said sample by detecting a change in said electrical resistance indicative of interaction of the pathogen with said antibody-functionalized graphene layer. For example, a decrease of the electrical resistance of the graphene layer can indicate the presence of the pathogen in the sample under study. In some embodiments, a method according to the present teachings is capable of detecting pathogens, such as listeria bacteria, chlamydia bacteria, gonorrhea bacteria and HPV in a sample at a concentration as low as 4 cfu per 100 grams of a sample.

A processing and detection system for detecting presence of at least one gluten protein in a food sample comprises a food processor including: a reservoir containing a process liquid for processing the food sample; a body that comprises a chamber configured to receive the food sample; and a pressing surface configured to press on the reservoir to cause the process liquid to exit the reservoir and mix with the food sample, thereby generating a processed food liquid; and an exit port configured to conduct the processed food liquid out of the food processor; and a cartridge including: at least one sensor configured to receive the processed food liquid and to generate an electrical signal in response to interaction with the at least one gluten protein in the processed food liquid, and an analyzer in electrical communication with the at least one sensor for detecting the electrical signal and determining the presence of the at least one gluten protein in the food sample based on the detected electrical signal.

A processing and detection system for detecting presence of at least one gluten protein in a food sample comprises a food processor including: a reservoir containing a process liquid for processing the food sample; a body that comprises a chamber configured to receive the food sample; and a pressing surface configured to press on the reservoir to cause the process liquid to exit the reservoir and mix with the food sample, thereby generating a processed food liquid; and an exit port configured to conduct the processed food liquid out of the food processor; and a cartridge including: at least one sensor configured to receive the processed food liquid and to generate an electrical signal in response to interaction with the at least one gluten protein in the processed food liquid, and an analyzer in electrical communication with the at least one sensor for detecting the electrical signal and determining the presence of the at least one gluten protein in the food sample based on the detected electrical signal.

Disclosed herein are devices, apparatus, systems, methods and kits for performing immunoassay tests on a sample. The A sensing apparatus is provided for detecting a plurality of different target analytes in a sample. The apparatus may comprise an array of sensing devices provided on a substrate, each sensing device in the array comprising a working electrode having (1) semiconducting nanostructures disposed thereon and (2) a capture reagent coupled to the semiconducting nanostructures that selectively binds to a different target analyte in the sample. The apparatus may also comprise sensing circuitry that (1) simultaneously detects changes to electron and ion mobility and charge accumulation in the array of sensing devices when the capture reagents in the array of sensing devices selectively bind to the plurality of different target analytes, and (2) determines the presence and concentrations of the plurality of different target analytes in the sample based on the detected changes.

Functionalized nanotube arrays, sensors, and related methods of detecting target compounds are presented. A functionalized nanotube array can include a plurality of metal oxide nanotubes. The metal oxide nanotubes can be formed of a metal oxide and can have an interior or exterior surface that is optionally functionalized with at least one metal ion. These metal nanotubes can be used in a sensor for detecting target compounds such as volatile organic compounds, and biomarkers in a fluid environment. The sensor can further include a power source configured to apply a voltage to the nanotube array and a current sensor configured to monitor and detect changes in a response current which varies upon binding with the target compounds.

Functionalized nanotube arrays, sensors, and related methods of detecting target compounds are presented. A functionalized nanotube array can include a plurality of metal oxide nanotubes. The metal oxide nanotubes can be formed of a metal oxide and can have an interior or exterior surface that is optionally functionalized with at least one metal ion. These metal nanotubes can be used in a sensor for detecting target compounds such as volatile organic compounds, and biomarkers in a fluid environment. The sensor can further include a power source configured to apply a voltage to the nanotube array and a current sensor configured to monitor and detect changes in a response current which varies upon binding with the target compounds.