A method for producing an artificial antibody includes: an alignment step of supplying a dispersion containing monomers and molding patterns implemented by a biological material or a replica of the biological material to a guide, and aligning the molding patterns by the guide; a polymer layer forming step of forming a polymer layer by polymerizing the monomers in a state where the molding patterns are aligned; and a removal step of removing the molding patterns from the polymer layer and obtaining an artificial antibody including the polymer layer having a template with a three-dimensional structure complementary to a three-dimensional structure of the molding pattern.

A method for producing an artificial antibody includes: an alignment step of supplying a dispersion containing monomers and molding patterns implemented by a biological material or a replica of the biological material to a guide, and aligning the molding patterns by the guide; a polymer layer forming step of forming a polymer layer by polymerizing the monomers in a state where the molding patterns are aligned; and a removal step of removing the molding patterns from the polymer layer and obtaining an artificial antibody including the polymer layer having a template with a three-dimensional structure complementary to a three-dimensional structure of the molding pattern.

Provided is a replica of a biological material, which has a three-dimensional structure similar to a three-dimensional structure of the biological material and has a surface made of an inorganic material. The inorganic material may be an oxide or a nitride. The replica may include a body and a coating film which covers a surface of the body and is made of the inorganic material.

Provided is a replica of a biological material, which has a three-dimensional structure similar to a three-dimensional structure of the biological material and has a surface made of an inorganic material. The inorganic material may be an oxide or a nitride. The replica may include a body and a coating film which covers a surface of the body and is made of the inorganic material.

Described herein are compositions useful for the detection of analytes. In certain embodiments, the invention relates among other things to DNA-encapsulated single -walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) functionalized with an antibody or other analyte-binding species, for detection and/or imaging of an analyte in a biological sample or subject. Other embodiments described herein include systems, methods, and devices utilizing such compositions for ex vivo biomarker quantification, tissue optical probes, and in vivo analyte detection and quantification. In one aspect the invention relates to a single -walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT) sensor, comprising a SWCNT; a polymer associated with the SWCNT; and an analyte-binding species. Detection of one or more analytes is achieved by measuring changes in fluorescence intensity, shifts in fluorescence wavelength, and/or other characteristics in the spectral characteristics of the described compositions.

Described herein are compositions useful for the detection of analytes. In certain embodiments, the invention relates among other things to DNA-encapsulated single -walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) functionalized with an antibody or other analyte-binding species, for detection and/or imaging of an analyte in a biological sample or subject. Other embodiments described herein include systems, methods, and devices utilizing such compositions for ex vivo biomarker quantification, tissue optical probes, and in vivo analyte detection and quantification. In one aspect the invention relates to a single -walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT) sensor, comprising a SWCNT; a polymer associated with the SWCNT; and an analyte-binding species. Detection of one or more analytes is achieved by measuring changes in fluorescence intensity, shifts in fluorescence wavelength, and/or other characteristics in the spectral characteristics of the described compositions.

The invention relates to a method for observing a sample under optical microscopy, in incoherent, unpolarised light, using a sample substrate including a contrast-amplifying layer having a complex index of refraction. The invention also relates to a method for detecting or metering at least one chemical or biological species using such a sample substrate.

The invention relates to a method for observing a sample under optical microscopy, in incoherent, unpolarised light, using a sample substrate including a contrast-amplifying layer having a complex index of refraction. The invention also relates to a method for detecting or metering at least one chemical or biological species using such a sample substrate.

Provided herein is an optical biosensor for detecting a target bioanalyte in a sample. The biosensor includes: a porous silicon or alumina substrate having a surface and a detection agent immobilised on the surface. The detection agent includes a sensing domain and a signaling domain, the sensing domain having a linker capable of interacting with the target bioanalyte and the signaling domain having a luminescence donor and a luminescence acceptor wherein the luminescence donor and the luminescence acceptor are connected by the linker and are optically coupled in the absence of the target bioanalyte. Emission of light from the luminescence donor is substantially quenched by the luminescence acceptor, and interaction of the target bioanalyte with the linker results in optical un-coupling of the luminescence donor and the luminescence acceptor to thereby result in light emission from the luminescence donor.

Disclosed herein is a system and method for transistor pathogen virus detector in which one embodiment may include a substrate layer, a silicon dioxide layer on the substrate layer, a nanocrystalline diamond layer on the silicon dioxide layer, a graphene oxide layer on the nanocrystalline diamond layer, fluorinated graphene oxide portions; and a linker layer, the linker layer including a plurality of pathogen receptors.