Methods for characterizing protein complexes formed between protein drug products and soluble ligands are provided herein. The disclosed methods can determine the size, heterogeneity, and conformation of protein complexes.

A detection system for the interaction between known molecules and proteins based on covalent connection and an identification or verification method thereof are disclosed. The detection system comprises: a) streptavidin-short peptide tetramer; b) PafA enzyme; and c) Biotin-modified known molecules. After a known molecule interacts with a protein, streptavidin-short peptide tetramer can efficiently capture interacting proteins of known molecules under mild conditions. Then, under the catalysis of PafA enzyme, the interaction between short peptides and known molecules is made into protein covalent binding, so that the non-covalent binding between known molecules and proteins is converted into covalent binding between streptavidin and protein, and then analysis, separation and identification are carried out. This method can capture weak interaction and instantaneous interaction on the basis of keeping the natural structure of known molecules, which can be used to verify and discover known molecules and interacting proteins.

It has been demonstrated that certain compounds bind to TNF and stabilise a conformation of trimeric TNF that binds to the TNF receptor. Accordingly, these compounds can be used as modulators of TNF. Anew assay for identifying compounds with this mechanism of action is also disclosed.

The present invention is relevant to proteins and novel methods of protein evolution. The present invention further relates to methods of identifying and mapping mutant polypeptides formed from, or based upon, a template polypeptide.

The present invention provides assays and assay systems for use in spatially encoded biological assays. The invention provides an assay system comprising an assay capable of high levels of multiplexing where reagents are provided to a biological sample in defined spatial patterns; instrumentation capable of controlled delivery of reagents according to the spatial patterns; and a decoding scheme providing a readout that is digital in nature.

The present invention provides assays and assay systems for use in spatially encoded biological assays. The invention provides an assay system comprising an assay capable of high levels of multiplexing where reagents are provided to a biological sample in defined spatial patterns; instrumentation capable of controlled delivery of reagents according to the spatial patterns; and a decoding scheme providing a readout that is digital in nature.

Provided herein are compounds having the structure of Formulas A-D and compositions thereof for use in the detection and quantification of viral neuraminidase. In particular, the compounds may be useful for the evaluation of viral strains and for vaccine evaluation.

The present invention provides assays and assay systems for use in spatially encoded biological assays. The invention provides an assay system comprising an assay capable of high levels of multiplexing where reagents are provided to a biological sample in defined spatial patterns; instrumentation capable of controlled delivery of reagents according to the spatial patterns; and a decoding scheme providing a readout that is digital in nature.

Provided is a chemically modified phage display platform and method of use thereof. More specifically, the present disclosure provides a chemically modified phage display library that incorporates 2-acetylphenylboronic acid (APBA) moieties to elicit dynamic covalent binding to the bacterial cell surface. The APBA-modified phage display libraries described herein are applicable to a wide array of bacterial strains and/or mammalian cells, paving the way to facile diagnosis and development of strain-specific antibiotics, and/or peptide-antibiotic conjugates for effective and targeted treatment. Also provided are therapeutic peptides, and pharmaceutical compositions thereof, that are identified by screening the phage display library of the present disclosure, and method of use of such therapeutic peptides for effective and targeted treatment.

Antibodies that bind ICOS (Inducible T cell Co-Stimulator). Therapeutic use of anti-ICOS antibodies for modulating the ratio between regulatory T cells and effector T cells, to stimulate the immune system of patients, including use in treating cancers. Methods of producing anti-ICOS antibodies, including species cross-reactive antibodies, using transgenic knock-out mice.