A method and treatment for testing efficiency and effectiveness of a near infrared photoimmunotherapy treatment includes injecting an antibody photosensitizer conjugate (APC) into a patient, applying radiation to the patient, thereby causing the APC to release a ligand, which is excreted in the patients urine, detecting the presence of the ligand with liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, measuring and quantifying an amount of the ligand present in the patients urine based on analytical results of the liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, and determining the effectiveness of the near infrared photo-immunotherapy treatment based on the measured quantified amount of the ligand present in the patients urine so as to determine an amount of APC remaining in the patient.

The present invention provides assays and assay systems for use in spatially encoded biological assays. The invention provides an assay system comprising an assay capable of high levels of multiplexing where reagents are provided to a biological sample in defined spatial patterns; instrumentation capable of controlled delivery of reagents according to the spatial patterns; and a decoding scheme providing a readout that is digital in nature.

Disclosed is a method for evaluating if there are genomic abnormalities in cells being tested, the cells being tested being pluripotent stem cells cultivated in a culture medium or cells resulting from the induced differentiation of pluripotent stem cells, the method including a step of measuring the amount of an indicator present in the culture supernatant of the test cells, and a step of evaluating, on the basis of the amount of the indicator present, if there are genomic abnormalities in the test cells, wherein the indicator is at least one selected from the group consisting of deoxycytidine, kynurenine, putrescine, alanine, cysteine, cystathionine, and threonic acid, and whether or not there are genomic abnormalities in the test cells is evaluated on the basis of the amount of the at least one indicator present.

The present invention relates to compositions and methods for the treatment of NAFLD. Specifically, the present invention relates to compositions comprising one or more BCDKH agonists and methods of using the same for the treatment of NAFLD.

This disclosure relates to isotopically labeled internal standards that can be digested by an enzyme capable of C-terminal cleavage of a first amino acid and/or an enzyme capable of N-terminal cleavage of a second amino acid useful to generate standards for the measurement of quantities of peptides of interest in a sample.

Compositions, methods, and systems for analyzing the protein corona are described herein, as well as its application in the discovery of advanced diagnostic tools as well as therapeutic targets.

The invention provides methods, reagents and systems for incorporating non-natural amino acids into proteins, preferably in vivo, using the endogenous protein synthesis machinery of an organism. The incorporated non-natural amino acids contain reactive groups for further chemical reagents, which may serve as a “handle” to enrich the proteins or fragments thereof in a number of uses, such as proteomic analysis, imaging of diseased tissues/cells, etc.

Provided is a mass spectrometric data analyzing method for deducing the structure of an unknown substance from data obtained by an MS.sup.n analysis, in which a structural candidate having a high degree of freedom for covering a structural change of the known substance can be created. In the mass spectrometric data analyzing method according to the present invention, a candidate of the partial structure of a known substance which is structurally similar to an unknown substance as the target of deduction is created by eliminating a part of the structure of the known substance (Step S1). Previously given candidates of known additional structural parts are individually added to each candidate of the partial structure of the known substance, thus forming various combinations (Step S5). All the structural formulae that can be derived from each combination are created as the structural candidates of the unknown substance (Step S6).

Methods are described for determining the amount of insulin in a sample. More specifically, mass spectrometric methods are described for detecting and quantifying insulin in a biological sample utilizing purification methods coupled with tandem mass spectrometric or high resolution/high accuracy mass spectrometric techniques.

The present invention provides a method of quantifying the activity of a protein modifying enzyme in a sample, comprising calculating the value K for said protein-modifying enzyme on the basis of the number of modified peptides in a sample that are substrates of said protein modifying enzyme, the intensity of the modified peptides, each modified peptide in the sample that is a substrate of said protein modifying enzyme, the total number of modified peptides in the sample, the intensity of the modified peptides and all of the modified peptides in the sample. A method of quantifying the activity of a protein modifying enzyme in a sample, comprising calculating the value SC for said protein-modifying enzyme on the basis of a reduction in proliferation using an inhibitor at an inhibitor concentration at which proliferation is measured and the “in vitro” IC50i of the inhibitor against a primary target is also provided. The invention further provides methods of identifying inhibitors with which to treat a patient, methods of treatment, a computer readable medium, a computer program product and devices for carrying out the methods.