Methods of determining infection type are disclosed. In one embodiment, the method comprises measuring the amount of TRAIL and/or IP10 no more than two days from symptom onset.

Methods of determining infection type are disclosed. In one embodiment, the method comprises measuring the amount of TRAIL and/or IP10 no more than two days from symptom onset.

A compensation bead comprising an amine functionalized bead modified covalently or non-covalently with a carboxyaryl porphyrin, a method for making the amine functionalized bead with the carboxyaryl porphyrin and a method of using the amine functionalized bead with the carboxyaryl porphyrin as a marker for the carboxyaryl porphyrin labeled cells and particles.

A compensation bead comprising an amine functionalized bead modified covalently or non-covalently with a carboxyaryl porphyrin, a method for making the amine functionalized bead with the carboxyaryl porphyrin and a method of using the amine functionalized bead with the carboxyaryl porphyrin as a marker for the carboxyaryl porphyrin labeled cells and particles.

The present disclosure provides a particle showing a small non-specific adsorption, having a reactive functional group for chemically bonding a ligand thereto, and being suitable for an agglutination method; a particle for the agglutination method having a ligand chemically bonded to the particle; a reagent, a kit and a method for detecting a target substance, each for in vitro diagnosis, each of which contains the particle. The particle includes a polymer having a unit having a linker A in a side chain, wherein when both terminals of the linker A are represented by X1 and X2, the linker A has a reactive functional group for chemically bonding a ligand thereto in one of X1 and X2; one of X1 and X2 includes an ester structure; and a sum of bonds between atoms linearly connecting X1 and X2 is 18 to 24 and the X1 and X2 contain CH.sub.2 or CH.

The present disclosure provides a particle showing a small non-specific adsorption, having a reactive functional group for chemically bonding a ligand thereto, and being suitable for an agglutination method; a particle for the agglutination method having a ligand chemically bonded to the particle; a reagent, a kit and a method for detecting a target substance, each for in vitro diagnosis, each of which contains the particle. The particle includes a polymer having a unit having a linker A in a side chain, wherein when both terminals of the linker A are represented by X1 and X2, the linker A has a reactive functional group for chemically bonding a ligand thereto in one of X1 and X2; one of X1 and X2 includes an ester structure; and a sum of bonds between atoms linearly connecting X1 and X2 is 18 to 24 and the X1 and X2 contain CH.sub.2 or CH.

Detection rapidly and with high detection intensity is accomplished while blackening is inhibited during silver enhancement to detect an analyte in a specimen. One embodiment of the present invention provides an enhancing agent to be used for silver enhancement in detection of an analyte in a specimen by metal labeling and silver enhancement, the enhancing agent including: (a) a silver-containing compound, (b) a silver ion-reducing agent, and (c) a reaction rate controller,
wherein the reaction rate controller (c) is a compound selected from the group consisting of compounds represented by the following formula (I): ##STR00001##
(wherein: R.sup.1, R.sup.2 and R.sup.3 each independently represent a hydrogen atom or an optionally substituted monovalent aliphatic hydrocarbon group of 1 to 30 carbon atoms, with the proviso that R.sup.1, R.sup.2 and R.sup.3 are not all hydrogen atoms, or R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 form a 5-membered ring or 6-membered ring and R.sup.3 represents a hydrogen atom or an optionally substituted monovalent aliphatic hydrocarbon group of 1 to 30 carbon atoms; X represents a divalent hydrocarbon group of 1 to 3 carbon atoms; and n is an integer of 1 to 3).

Detection rapidly and with high detection intensity is accomplished while blackening is inhibited during silver enhancement to detect an analyte in a specimen. One embodiment of the present invention provides an enhancing agent to be used for silver enhancement in detection of an analyte in a specimen by metal labeling and silver enhancement, the enhancing agent including: (a) a silver-containing compound, (b) a silver ion-reducing agent, and (c) a reaction rate controller,
wherein the reaction rate controller (c) is a compound selected from the group consisting of compounds represented by the following formula (I): ##STR00001##
(wherein: R.sup.1, R.sup.2 and R.sup.3 each independently represent a hydrogen atom or an optionally substituted monovalent aliphatic hydrocarbon group of 1 to 30 carbon atoms, with the proviso that R.sup.1, R.sup.2 and R.sup.3 are not all hydrogen atoms, or R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 form a 5-membered ring or 6-membered ring and R.sup.3 represents a hydrogen atom or an optionally substituted monovalent aliphatic hydrocarbon group of 1 to 30 carbon atoms; X represents a divalent hydrocarbon group of 1 to 3 carbon atoms; and n is an integer of 1 to 3).

A linker molecule and method for treating a substrate surface is provided, which includes a linker molecule with a plurality of moieties capable of resisting non-specific binding of proteins whilst permitting specific binding of a target biomolecule or a biomolecule of interest, including antibodies.

The instant disclosure provides reagent compounds, and antibody and oligonucleotide reagents, for use in a variety of assays, including immunoassays and nucleic acid hybridizations. The reagent compounds comprise a bridging antigen or bridging oligonucleotide and a latent crosslinker moiety, such as a tyramide moiety. The bridging antigens are recognizable by the antibody of a corresponding antibody reagent with high affinity, and the bridging oligonucleotides are complementary to the oligonucleotide of a corresponding oligonucleotide reagent. The antibody reagents and oligonucleotide reagents also comprise a crosslinker activation agent, such as a peroxidase enzyme. Reaction of the reagent compounds with the crosslinker activation agent results in the amplification of signal in assays for target cellular markers, including cellular antigens and nucleic acids. Also provided are detectable antibodies specific for the bridging antigens, kits comprising the reagent compounds and antibody and oligonucleotide reagents, methods of signal amplification using the compounds and reagents of the disclosure, methods of preparation of the compounds and reagents, and compositions comprising the compounds and reagents.