This design processes free radical flows following physical principals that explain their movement conditioned by electromagnetic fields expressed in the convergence of induced field lines, in ways apart from existing designs. It describes specific means to obtain free radicals, process, and exhaust them within uniquely designed processing chambers.

The apparatus includes high frequency resonance transformers that exhaust free radicals into primary processing chambers generating a hot toroidal plasma, confined by an electromagnetic gate at one end of the chamber. The continuous injection of free radicals induce an increase in pressure and temperature that result in velocities greater than thermal electron velocity of the plasma. This velocity variance provides a current that generates a magnetic field component sufficient for conducing a plasma towards an exhaust port at the end of the chamber. As this plasma is exhausted, charge imbalances are realized, provoking additional accelerations of the free radicals.

Systems and methods are provided that facilitate stability of an FRC plasma in both radial and axial directions and axial position control of an FRC plasma along the symmetry axis of an FRC plasma chamber. The systems and methods exploit an axially unstable equilibria of the FRC plasma to enforce radial stability, while stabilizing or controlling the axial instability. The systems and methods provide feedback control of the FRC plasma axial position independent of the stability properties of the plasma equilibrium by acting on the voltages applied to a set of external coils concentric with the plasma and using a non-linear control technique.

Systems and methods are provided that facilitate stability of an FRC plasma in both radial and axial directions and axial position control of an FRC plasma along the symmetry axis of an FRC plasma chamber. The systems and methods exploit an axially unstable equilibria of the FRC plasma to enforce radial stability, while stabilizing or controlling the axial instability. The systems and methods provide feedback control of the FRC plasma axial position independent of the stability properties of the plasma equilibrium by acting on the voltages applied to a set of external coils concentric with the plasma and using a non-linear control technique.

Systems and methods are provided that facilitate stability of an FRC plasma in both radial and axial directions and axial position control of an FRC plasma along the symmetry axis of an FRC plasma chamber. The systems and methods exploit an axially unstable equilibria of the FRC plasma to enforce radial stability, while stabilizing or controlling the axial instability. The systems and methods provide feedback control of the FRC plasma axial position independent of the stability properties of the plasma equilibrium by acting on the voltages applied to a set of external coils concentric with the plasma and using a non-linear control technique.

Systems and methods are provided that facilitate stability of an FRC plasma in both radial and axial directions and axial position control of an FRC plasma along the symmetry axis of an FRC plasma chamber. The systems and methods exploit an axially unstable equilibria of the FRC plasma to enforce radial stability, while stabilizing or controlling the axial instability. The systems and methods provide feedback control of the FRC plasma axial position independent of the stability properties of the plasma equilibrium by acting on the voltages applied to a set of external coils concentric with the plasma and using a non-linear control technique.

A method and apparatus for forming torsional magnetic reconnection, and converting stored magnetic energy into charged particle kinetic energy and particle acceleration, is claimed. A torsional magnetic reconnection apparatus generally comprises (1) a vacuum environment housing (2) a plurality of conducting coils to form a magnetic field fan-spine topology and (3) a plasma generation device providing an azimuthal magnetic field perturbation such that current sheets are formed and magnetic reconnection processes can occur. Electric current energization of the plurality of conducting coils generates a potential magnetic fan-spine topology. A simultaneous capacitor bank discharge forms and axially drives a plasma sheath, featuring an azimuthal magnetic field, toward the fan-spine magnetic null that forces the diffusion of magnetic flux through the plasma. This magnetic to plasma kinetic energy conversion process accelerates charged particles far away from the reconnection region along open magnetic field lines.

A method and apparatus for forming torsional magnetic reconnection, and converting stored magnetic energy into charged particle kinetic energy and particle acceleration, is claimed. A torsional magnetic reconnection apparatus generally comprises (1) a vacuum environment housing (2) a plurality of conducting coils to form a magnetic field fan-spine topology and (3) a plasma generation device providing an azimuthal magnetic field perturbation such that current sheets are formed and magnetic reconnection processes can occur. Electric current energization of the plurality of conducting coils generates a potential magnetic fan-spine topology. A simultaneous capacitor bank discharge forms and axially drives a plasma sheath, featuring an azimuthal magnetic field, toward the fan-spine magnetic null that forces the diffusion of magnetic flux through the plasma. This magnetic to plasma kinetic energy conversion process accelerates charged particles far away from the reconnection region along open magnetic field lines.

Embodiments of systems and methods for compressing plasma are described in which plasma pressures above the breaking point of solid material can be achieved by injecting a plasma into a funnel of liquid metal in which the plasma is compressed and/or heated.

Embodiments of systems and methods for compressing plasma are described in which plasma pressures above the breaking point of solid material can be achieved by injecting a plasma into a funnel of liquid metal in which the plasma is compressed and/or heated.

A method and apparatus for forming torsional magnetic reconnection, and converting stored magnetic energy into charged particle kinetic energy and particle acceleration, is claimed. A torsional magnetic reconnection apparatus generally comprises (1) a vacuum environment housing (2) a plurality of conducting coils to form a magnetic field fan-spine topology and (3) a plasma generation device providing an azimuthal magnetic field perturbation such that current sheets are formed and magnetic reconnection processes can occur. Electric current energization of the plurality of conducting coils generates a potential magnetic fan-spine topology. A simultaneous capacitor bank discharge forms and axially drives a plasma sheath, featuring an azimuthal magnetic field, toward the fan-spine magnetic null that forces the diffusion of magnetic flux through the plasma. This magnetic to plasma kinetic energy conversion process accelerates charged particles far away from the reconnection region along open magnetic field lines.