Provided are an electrolytic solution for sodium-ion secondary battery, the solution having sodium-ion conductivity, and including a sodium salt and a non-aqueous solvent, wherein the non-aqueous solvent includes a fluorophosphate ester and propylene carbonate, and a content of the fluorophosphate ester in the non-aqueous solvent is 5 to 50 mass %; and a sodium-ion secondary battery including the same.

Provided are an electrolytic solution for sodium-ion secondary battery, the solution having sodium-ion conductivity, and including a sodium salt and a non-aqueous solvent, wherein the non-aqueous solvent includes a fluorophosphate ester and propylene carbonate, and a content of the fluorophosphate ester in the non-aqueous solvent is 5 to 50 mass %; and a sodium-ion secondary battery including the same.

The present disclosure provides a gel electrolyte membrane and a method for forming the same, an electrode assembly, a gel polymer lithium-ion battery and an electric vehicle. The gel electrolyte membrane is located between the cathode and the anode, and has adhesion of solid electrolyte and electrical conductivity of ion of liquid electrolyte. The gel electrolyte membrane obtained in the present disclosure has a porous mesh structure, a wide film forming temperature, a short required time, a high level of liquid electrolyte in the gel polymer, a high conductivity of 3.4 to 6.3*10.sup.−3 S.Math.cm.sup.1, a wide electrochemical window, a good compatibility with the cathode and the anode, and low requirements for the conditions of the synthesis. The gel polymer lithium-ion battery and electrode assembly and electric vehicle of the present disclosure has high safety, simple forming technique and low requirements for environment, thus is suitable for industrial production.

Methods for producing ceramic films Yttria Stabilized Zirconia (3YSZ) and aluminum titanate (Al.sub.2TiO.sub.5), and the physical properties of these films are described. The films produced have thicknesses and integrity suitable for handling and corrosion resistance to electrolytes, porosity, ion permeability and electrical resistivity suitable for use as separators between positive and negative layers for forming electrical batteries, particularly lithium batteries.

An electrochemical cell comprising: a negative electrode comprising lithium and aluminum; a positive electrode, separate from the negative electrode, comprising a liquid phase having zinc; a liquid electrolyte, disposed between the negative electrode and the positive electrode, comprising a salt of lithium and a salt of zinc; and a bipolar faradaic membrane, disposed between the negative electrode and the positive electrode, having a first surface facing the negative electrode and a second surface facing the positive electrode, the bipolar faradaic membrane configured to allow cations of lithium to pass through and configured to impede cations of zinc from transferring from the positive electrode to the negative electrode, the bipolar faradaic membrane at least partially formed from a material having an electronic conductivity sufficient to drive faradaic reactions at the second surface with the cations of the positive electrode.

An electrochemical cell comprising: a negative electrode comprising lithium and aluminum; a positive electrode, separate from the negative electrode, comprising a liquid phase having zinc; a liquid electrolyte, disposed between the negative electrode and the positive electrode, comprising a salt of lithium and a salt of zinc; and a bipolar faradaic membrane, disposed between the negative electrode and the positive electrode, having a first surface facing the negative electrode and a second surface facing the positive electrode, the bipolar faradaic membrane configured to allow cations of lithium to pass through and configured to impede cations of zinc from transferring from the positive electrode to the negative electrode, the bipolar faradaic membrane at least partially formed from a material having an electronic conductivity sufficient to drive faradaic reactions at the second surface with the cations of the positive electrode.

The present invention provides an ionic liquid or plastic crystal comprising an anion and a cation, the anion comprising [C(SO.sub.2F).sub.3].sup.−, and the cation comprising at least one member selected from the group consisting of 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium ([EMI].sup.+), N,N-diethyl-N-methyl-(2-methoxyethyl)ammonium ([DEME].sup.+), N-methyl-N-propylpyrrolidinium ([Py.sub.13].sup.+), N-methyl-N-propylpiperidinium ([PP.sub.13].sup.+), tetramethylammonium ([N.sub.1111].sup.+), tetraethylammonium ([N.sub.2222].sup.+), trimethylhexylammonium ([N.sub.6111].sup.+), triethylhexylammonium ([N.sub.6222].sup.+), N-methyl-ethylpyrrolidinium ([Py.sub.12].sup.+), 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium ([C.sub.4mim].sup.+), and 1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium ([C.sub.6mim].sup.+).

The present invention provides an ionic liquid or plastic crystal comprising an anion and a cation, the anion comprising [C(SO.sub.2F).sub.3].sup.−, and the cation comprising at least one member selected from the group consisting of 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium ([EMI].sup.+), N,N-diethyl-N-methyl-(2-methoxyethyl)ammonium ([DEME].sup.+), N-methyl-N-propylpyrrolidinium ([Py.sub.13].sup.+), N-methyl-N-propylpiperidinium ([PP.sub.13].sup.+), tetramethylammonium ([N.sub.1111].sup.+), tetraethylammonium ([N.sub.2222].sup.+), trimethylhexylammonium ([N.sub.6111].sup.+), triethylhexylammonium ([N.sub.6222].sup.+), N-methyl-ethylpyrrolidinium ([Py.sub.12].sup.+), 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium ([C.sub.4mim].sup.+), and 1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium ([C.sub.6mim].sup.+).

Solid-state lithium ion electrolytes of metal lithium chloride derivative compounds having a crystal morphology in the P2.sub.1/c space group are provided as materials for conducting lithium ions. An activation energy of the lithium aluminum chloride derivative compounds is from 0.15 to 0.40 eV and conductivities are from 0.01 to 3 mS/cm at 300K. Compounds of specific formulae are provided and methods to alter the materials with inclusion of aliovalent ions shown. Lithium batteries containing the composite lithium ion electrolytes and electrodes containing the lithium aluminum chloride derivative compounds are also provided.

Solid-state lithium ion electrolytes of lithium zinc chloride derivative compounds having a crystal morphology in the Pmn2.sub.1 space group are provided as materials for conducting lithium ions. An activation energy of the lithium aluminum chloride derivative compounds is from 0.15 to 0.40 eV and conductivities are from 0.01 to 15 mS/cm at 300 K. Compounds of specific formulae are provided and methods to alter the materials with inclusion of aliovalent ions shown. Lithium batteries containing the composite lithium ion electrolytes and electrodes containing the lithium aluminum chloride derivative compounds are also provided.