The disclosure provides a method comprising inducing a first current between a source of a countercharge and a first electrode, the first current being through an electrolyte. A second current is induced across the first electrode, the second current being transverse to the first current, and the second current inducing a relativistic charge across the first electrode.

A solid electrolyte including: a lithium ion inorganic conductive layer; and an amorphous phase on a surface of the lithium ion inorganic conductive layer, wherein the amorphous phase is an irradiation product of the lithium ion inorganic conductive layer. Also, the method of preparing the same, and a lithium battery including the solid electrolyte.

A solid electrolyte including: a lithium ion inorganic conductive layer; and an amorphous phase on a surface of the lithium ion inorganic conductive layer, wherein the amorphous phase is an irradiation product of the lithium ion inorganic conductive layer. Also, the method of preparing the same, and a lithium battery including the solid electrolyte.

Embodiments of the claimed invention are directed to a device, comprising: an anode that includes a lithiated silicon-based or lithiated carbon-based material or pure lithium metal or metal oxides and a sandwich-type sulfur-based cathode, wherein the anode and the cathode are designed to have porous structures. An additional embodiment of the invention is directed to a scalable method of manufacturing sandwich-type Li—S batteries at a significantly reduced cost compared to traditional methods. An additional embodiment is directed to the use of exfoliated CNT sponges for enlarging the percentage of sulfur in the cathode to have large energy density.

Disclosed are a negative electrode active material including lithium titanium oxide particles, wherein the lithium titanium oxide particles have an average particle diameter (D.sub.50) of 0.5-9 μm, a specific surface area of 3-7 m.sup.2/g, and a pellet density of 1.7 g/cc or more under a pressure of 64 MPa, and a lithium secondary battery including the same.

Materials and methods for preparing electrode film mixtures and electrode films including reduced damage bulk active materials are provided. In a first aspect, a method for preparing an electrode film mixture for an energy storage device is provided, comprising providing an initial binder mixture comprising a first binder and a first active material, processing the initial binder mixture under high shear to form a secondary binder mixture, and nondestructively mixing the secondary binder mixture with a second portion of active materials to form an electrode film mixture.

Materials and methods for preparing electrode film mixtures and electrode films including reduced damage bulk active materials are provided. In a first aspect, a method for preparing an electrode film mixture for an energy storage device is provided, comprising providing an initial binder mixture comprising a first binder and a first active material, processing the initial binder mixture under high shear to form a secondary binder mixture, and nondestructively mixing the secondary binder mixture with a second portion of active materials to form an electrode film mixture.

A solid electrolyte represented by general formula Li.sub.ySiR.sub.x(MO.sub.4), where x is an integer from 1 to 3 inclusive, y=4−x, each R present is independently C1-C3 alkyl or C1-C3 alkoxy, and M is sulfur, selenium, or tellurium. Methods of making the solid electrolyte include combining a phenylsilane and a first acid to yield mixture including benzene and a second acid, and combining at least one of an alkali halide, and alkali amide, and an alkali alkoxide with the second acid to yield a product d represented by general formula Li.sub.ySiR.sub.x(MO.sub.4).sub.y. The second acid may be in the form of a liquid or a solid. The phenylsilane includes at least one C1-C3 alkyl substituent or at least one C1-C3 alkoxy substituent, and the first acid includes at least one of sulfuric acid, selenic acid, and telluric acid.

A solid electrolyte represented by general formula Li.sub.ySiR.sub.x(MO.sub.4), where x is an integer from 1 to 3 inclusive, y=4−x, each R present is independently C1-C3 alkyl or C1-C3 alkoxy, and M is sulfur, selenium, or tellurium. Methods of making the solid electrolyte include combining a phenylsilane and a first acid to yield mixture including benzene and a second acid, and combining at least one of an alkali halide, and alkali amide, and an alkali alkoxide with the second acid to yield a product d represented by general formula Li.sub.ySiR.sub.x(MO.sub.4).sub.y. The second acid may be in the form of a liquid or a solid. The phenylsilane includes at least one C1-C3 alkyl substituent or at least one C1-C3 alkoxy substituent, and the first acid includes at least one of sulfuric acid, selenic acid, and telluric acid.

The present invention relates to a pouch exterior material which is for a lithium secondary battery and includes an inner layer, an outer resin layer, and a metal layer located between the inner layer and the outer resin layer, wherein the inner layer contains an ethylenically unsaturated group, and a lithium secondary battery including the pouch exterior material.