A plasma source is provided. The plasma source includes a chamber body inside which plasma is generated, a first mirror magnet, a second mirror magnet, and a cusp magnet provided around the chamber body and spaced apart in a axial direction thereof, each comprising permanent magnets radially spaced apart from each other to form spaces between adjacent permanent magnets thereof; and a cooling medium flow passage provided in the spaces that passes a cooling medium for cooling the chamber body.

A plasma source is provided. The plasma source includes a chamber body inside which plasma is generated, a first mirror magnet, a second mirror magnet, and a cusp magnet provided around the chamber body and spaced apart in a axial direction thereof, each comprising permanent magnets radially spaced apart from each other to form spaces between adjacent permanent magnets thereof; and a cooling medium flow passage provided in the spaces that passes a cooling medium for cooling the chamber body.

Ocean water and/or heavy water will be utilized as fuel to derive fusion energy. Utilizing multiple coiled, triple-axis systems, shall produce magnetic flux densities from 10.sup.6 Gauss to 10.sup.21 Gauss as derived from mc.sup.2=BvLq (Jacobson Resonance). Matter may be cajoled, such as deuterons and protons to fuse, thereby providing energy. This energy will be withdrawn for conversion of heat energy to electricity. The frequency of the B field is determined with the formula,

[00001]$f=\frac{10.Math.\mathrm{qB}}{2.Math..Math..Math.m}$

wherein q is the charge of an electron in ab-coulombs, m is the mass of an electron in grams, and B is the flux density in Gauss as derived from mc.sup.2=BvLq. In addition, m in mc.sup.2=BvLq, represents the particular target mass, e.g. deuterons, protons, and/or electrons, wherein the mass of a deuteron is about 21.6710.sup.24 grams, the mass of a proton is about 1.6710.sup.24 grams, and the mass of an electron is about 9.1110.sup.28 grams. In the equation mc.sup.2=BvLq, c is the velocity of light, v is an inertial velocity (constant velocity motion), L is the longest dimension of a conductive body, and q is normalized as a single ab-coulomb in the CGS system of physical units.

This accounts for the mass of a proton in concert with the mass of the neutron wherein the mass of a neutron is slightly larger than the proton. Electrons will be withdrawn from their orbitals within an electrolytic system. The ions (deuterons and/or protons) will be affected thusly. Positively charged deuterium ions (deuterons), as well as protons will then be attracted to the negative electrode e.g. palladium cathode. Microscopic pores/small volumes of space within the atomic lattice structure of palladium or other like materials are utilized for fusion of said target masses to therein overcome the quantum barrier (created by electrostatic repulsion of said ions) via quantum tunneling and the action of the strong nuclear force which holds quarks together. The ions are therein contained within the cathode comprised of palladium, or other like materials, which may be susceptible to affectation through photon-phonon conversions, or electromechanical transduction. Magnetic field interaction energies produced by an external coil system, as well as the electromotive force energy (related to the EMF produced by voltage drop across the palladium cathode within the non-fer

In one embodiment, a fusion reactor includes an enclosure, an open-field magnetic system comprising one or more internal magnetic coils suspended within the enclosure, and one or more encapsulating magnetic coils coaxial with the one or more internal magnetic coils of the open-field magnetic system. The one or more encapsulating magnetic coils form a magnetosphere around the open-field magnetic system. The open-field magnetic system and the one or more encapsulating magnetic coils, when supplied with electrical currents, form magnetic fields for confining plasma within the enclosure.

A high performance field reversed configuration (FRC) system includes a central confinement vessel, two diametrically opposed reversed-field-theta-pinch formation sections coupled to the vessel, and two divertor chambers coupled to the formation sections. A magnetic system includes quasi-dc coils axially positioned along the FRC system components, quasi-dc mirror coils between the confinement chamber and the formation sections, and mirror plugs between the formation sections and the divertors. The formation sections include modular pulsed power formation systems enabling static and dynamic formation and acceleration of the FRCs. The FRC system further includes neutral atom beam injectors, pellet injectors, gettering systems, axial plasma guns and flux surface biasing electrodes. The beam injectors are preferably angled toward the midplane of the chamber. In operation, FRC plasma parameters including plasma thermal energy, total particle numbers, radius and trapped magnetic flux, are sustainable at or about a constant value without decay during neutral beam injection.

In one embodiment, a fusion reactor includes two internal magnetic coils suspended within an enclosure, a center magnetic coil coaxial with the two internal magnetic coils and located proximate to a midpoint of the enclosure, a plurality of encapsulating magnetic coils coaxial with the internal magnetic coils, and two mirror magnetic coil coaxial with the internal magnetic coils. The fusion reactor further includes one or more heat injectors operable to inject a beam of neutral particles toward the center of the enclosure.

Systems and methods that facilitate the formation and maintenance of new High Performance Field Reversed Configurations (FRCs). An FRC system for the High Performance FRC (HPF) includes a central confinement vessel surrounded by two diametrically opposed reversed-field-theta-pinch formation sections and, beyond the formation sections, two divertor chambers to control neutral density and impurity contamination. A magnetic system includes a series of quasi-dc coils axially positioned along the FRC system components, quasi-dc mirror coils between the confinement chamber and the adjacent formation sections, and mirror plugs between the formation sections and the divertors. The formation sections include modular pulsed power formation systems that enable FRCs to be formed in-situ and then accelerated and injected (=static formation) or formed and accelerated simultaneously (=dynamic formation). The FRC system further includes neutral atom beam injectors, a pellet injector, gettering systems, axial plasma guns and flux surface biasing electrodes.

A fusion reactor includes an enclosure having a first end, a second end opposite the first end, and a midpoint substantially equidistant between the first and second ends of the enclosure. The fusion reactor includes two internal magnetic coils suspended within the enclosure and positioned on opposite sides of the midpoint of the enclosure, one or more encapsulating magnetic coils positioned on each side of the midpoint of the enclosure, two mirror magnetic coils positioned on opposite sides of the midpoint of the enclosure, and one or more support stalks for supporting the two internal magnetic coils suspended within the enclosure. The one or more encapsulating magnetic coils and the two mirror magnetic coils are coaxial with the internal magnetic coils. The magnetic coils are operable, when supplied with electric currents, to form magnetic fields for confining plasma within the enclosure.

In one embodiment, a fusion reactor includes an enclosure, an open-field magnetic system comprising one or more internal magnetic coils suspended within the enclosure, and one or more encapsulating magnetic coils coaxial with the one or more internal magnetic coils of the open-field magnetic system. The one or more encapsulating magnetic coils form a magnetosphere around the open-field magnetic system. The open-field magnetic system and the one or more encapsulating magnetic coils, when supplied with electrical currents, form magnetic fields for confining plasma within the enclosure.

In one embodiment, a fusion reactor includes a plurality of internal magnetic coils suspended within an enclosure, one or more center magnetic coils coaxial with the plurality of internal magnetic coils, a plurality of encapsulating magnetic coils coaxial with the internal magnetic coils, and a plurality of mirror magnetic coils coaxial with the internal magnetic coils. The encapsulating magnetic coils maintain a magnetic wall that prevents plasma within the enclosure from expanding.