A system for wafer processing, includes: a frame comprising a frame opening; and a membrane configured to couple to the frame and to cover at least a part of the frame opening, the membrane comprising a membrane opening, wherein the membrane opening has a membrane opening area that is equal to or less than a frame opening area of the frame opening; wherein the membrane is configured for coupling with the wafer, wherein when the wafer is coupled with the membrane, the wafer covers the membrane opening, and wherein the membrane is configured to maintain the wafer at a certain position with respect to the frame; and wherein the membrane opening area is less than a total area of the wafer.

The present disclosure provides glass, and a manufacturing method and a control method thereof. The glass includes a first glass layer, a plurality of transparent conductive strips and a second glass layer. The plurality of transparent conductive strips are between the first glass layer and the second glass layer, and are configured to generate heat when being supplied with power.

Provided is a solder strip. A cross section of the solder strip includes a base portion and a reflective portion arranged above the base portion. The reflective portion includes a top edge, a first side edge and a second side edge. A first angle is formed between the first side edge and an extension line of the top edge. A second angle is formed between the second side edge and the extension line of the top edge. The first angle and the second angle are greater than 42.5° .

A solar module assembly includes a frame having an upper portion encompassing an area and a mid portion disposed below the upper portion. A plurality of solar panels is arranged in a string, sandwiched between two transparent panes forming a single string panel. The solar panels occupy less than the area of the upper portion. Each of the plurality of solar panels has a pair of opposing edges. A reflector is mounted on the mid portion to reflect light selectively.

A device includes a first substrate, a silicon layer supported by the first substrate, and an active glass layer with a layer including a crystal material with a chemical formula ABX.sub.3 supported by a glass substrate. The active glass layer is stacked on the first substrate such that the layer including the crystal material with a chemical formula ABX.sub.3 and silicon layer are arranged between the first substrate and the glass substrate.

A solar cell includes a silicon substrate, a passivation layer, a first protection layer, a second protection layer, and a third protection layer. The material of the passivation layer is aluminum oxide, and the passivation layer is on the lower surface of the silicon substrate. The material of the first protection layer is silicon oxynitride, and the first protection layer is on a surface of the passivation layer opposite to the silicon substrate. The material of the second protection layer is silicon nitride, and the second protection layer is on a surface of the first protection layer opposite to the passivation layer. The material of the third protection layer is silicon oxynitride or silicon oxide, and the third protection layer is on a surface of the second protection layer opposite to the first protection layer.

A spacer for a multi-pane insulating glazing unit includes a spacer body made from a first material with first and second hollow desiccant chambers extending in a longitudinal direction and a longitudinal groove between the first and second chambers open to a first side of the spacer for holding an intermediate pane of the glazing unit, the groove being delimited in a width direction by first and second side walls and having a bottom wall, and the spacer body having a gas barrier on a second side opposite the first side. The first side wall and/or the second side wall and/or the bottom wall of the groove include at least two electrically conductive portions electrically isolated from each other and configured to make electrical contact with at least one electrical contact of the intermediate pane.

The present disclosure may provide semiconductor perovskite layers and method of making thereof. In some cases, the perovskite layer may comprise a composition of MA.sub.n1FA.sub.n2Cs.sub.n3PbX.sub.3. MA may be methylammonium, FA may be formamidinium, n1, n2, and n3 may independently be greater than 0 and less than 1, and n1 + n2 + n3 may equal 1.

The invention features a hot melt composition in the form of a film including from 40% by weight to 80% by weight of a non-functionalized alkyl acrylate, from 14% by weight to 50% by weight of an olefin polymer, from 2% by weight to 15% by weight of a first functionalized polymer comprising a functional group selected from the group consisting of epoxides and carboxylic anhydrides, and from 2% by weight to 15% by weight of a second functionalized polymer comprising a functional group capable of reacting with the functional group of the first functionalized polymer.

The hot melt composition in the form of a film has found utility as an encapsulant for thin film photovoltaic modules.

Each of at least three solar cell strings has a first end and a second end in a first direction each including a connector. At the first end and the second end, a wire member is provided to which the connector of the first end of each of at least two solar cell strings out of the at least three solar cell strings and the connector of the second end thereof are connected. A first sheet member is provided to allow the wire member at the first end to be located in a specific positional relationship with the wire member at the second end, and a second sheet member is provided to allow the wire member at the second end to be located in a specific positional relationship with the wire member at the first end.