In some embodiments, a battery comprises an anode, a cathode, a separator disposed between the anode and the cathode, and an electrolyte in fluid communication with the anode, the cathode, and the separator. The anode can be a porous metallic zinc anode. The porous metallic zinc anode comprises pure zinc electrode, a substrate coated with zinc, a zinc substrate with a coating layer, or combinations thereof.

A method for producing a silver-silver chloride electrode includes: producing a paste by mixing silver powder, silver chloride powder, a dispersant, and fumed silica powder with a liquid silicone rubber binder; coating the paste on a substrate made of silicone rubber; curing the paste on the substrate to form an electrode containing silver and silver chloride; and immersing the electrode in a sodium chloride aqueous solution.

A method of fabricating a battery electrode includes forming a mixture including an electrode material and a binder; forming an electrode blank from the mixture; heating the electrode blank at a predetermined temperature for a predetermined time to form an annealed electrode blank; and laminating the annealed electrode blank to a current collector. The current collector may include a conductive carbon coating. In such event, the method may further include heating the current collector at a selected temperature for a selected time prior to laminating the annealed electrode blank to the current collector.

A method of fabricating a battery electrode includes forming a mixture including an electrode material and a binder; forming an electrode blank from the mixture; heating the electrode blank at a predetermined temperature for a predetermined time to form an annealed electrode blank; and laminating the annealed electrode blank to a current collector. The current collector may include a conductive carbon coating. In such event, the method may further include heating the current collector at a selected temperature for a selected time prior to laminating the annealed electrode blank to the current collector.

An anode material, an anode layer including the same, an all-solid secondary battery including the anode layer, and a method of manufacturing the all-solid secondary battery, the anode material including a metal-carbon composite, wherein the metal-carbon composite includes a carbon material; and metal particles, and the metal particles are dispersed and complexed in the carbon material, between particles of the carbon material, on a surface of the carbon material, or in two or more locations thereof

Batteries having hybrid electrode configurations are disclosed herein. In one embodiment, a battery comprises an electrode assembly. The electrode assembly comprises a first cathode including a first cathode active material, a second cathode including a second cathode active material different from the first cathode active material, a first anode disposed between the first cathode and the second cathode, a first separator interposed between the first cathode and the first anode, and a second separator interposed between the second cathode and the first anode.

Batteries having hybrid electrode configurations are disclosed herein. In one embodiment, a battery comprises an electrode assembly. The electrode assembly comprises a first cathode including a first cathode active material, a second cathode including a second cathode active material different from the first cathode active material, a first anode disposed between the first cathode and the second cathode, a first separator interposed between the first cathode and the first anode, and a second separator interposed between the second cathode and the first anode.

Energy storage devices, battery cells, and batteries of the present technology may include a first current collector and a second current collector. The batteries may include an anode material coupled with the first current collector. The batteries may include a cathode material coupled with the second current collector. The batteries may also include a separator positioned between the cathode material and the anode material. The batteries may include a hydrogen-scavenger material incorporated within the anode active material or the cathode active material. The hydrogen scavenger material may absorb or react with hydrogen at a temperature above or about 20° C.

An electrochemical cell having a casing housing an electrode assembly of a separator residing between a lithium anode and a cathode comprising silver vanadium oxide and fluorinated carbon is described. The electrode assembly is activated with a nonaqueous electrolyte comprising a lithium salt dissolved in a solvent system of propylene carbonate mixed with 1,2-dimethoxyethane, dibenzyl carbonate (DBC), lithium bis(oxalato)borate (LiBOB), and fluoroethylene carbonate (FEC). Preferably DBC is present in an amount ranging from about 0.005 moles (M) to about 0.25M, LiBOB is present in an amount ranging from about 0.005 wt. 5 to about 5 wt. %, and FEC is present in an amount ranging from about 0.01 wt. % to about 10 wt. %. This electrolyte formulation is more conductive than the conventional or prior art binary and ternary solvent system electrolytes while being chemically and electrochemically stable toward Li/SVO cells, Li-SVO/CF.sub.x mixture cells, and Li-SVO/CF.sub.x sandwich cathode primary electrochemical cells.

An electrochemical cell having a casing housing an electrode assembly of a separator residing between a lithium anode and a cathode comprising silver vanadium oxide and fluorinated carbon is described. The electrode assembly is activated with a nonaqueous electrolyte comprising a lithium salt dissolved in a solvent system of propylene carbonate mixed with 1,2-dimethoxyethane, dibenzyl carbonate (DBC), lithium bis(oxalato)borate (LiBOB), and fluoroethylene carbonate (FEC). Preferably DBC is present in an amount ranging from about 0.005 moles (M) to about 0.25M, LiBOB is present in an amount ranging from about 0.005 wt. 5 to about 5 wt. %, and FEC is present in an amount ranging from about 0.01 wt. % to about 10 wt. %. This electrolyte formulation is more conductive than the conventional or prior art binary and ternary solvent system electrolytes while being chemically and electrochemically stable toward Li/SVO cells, Li-SVO/CF.sub.x mixture cells, and Li-SVO/CF.sub.x sandwich cathode primary electrochemical cells.