There is provided a method for an apparatus for a network function, the apparatus for the network function, and a computer program for the apparatus, that causes the apparatus to: receive an indication that a first user equipment and/or a first user plane function configured to transmit first user traffic is associated with a first replication handling function, the first replication handling function being configurable to coordinate at least one replication-based redundancy mechanism performed on at least part of said first user traffic; determine a first set of replication rules for use by the first replication handling function determining when the at least one replication-based redundancy mechanism is performed on at least part of said first user traffic; and cause the first set of replication rules to be provided to the first replication handling function.

Methods, systems and apparatuses for managing load of various traffic flows and various links by an access point (AP) multi-link device (MLD) and non-AP MLD are described. An AP MLD may determine a mapping and a flexible usage policy. The AP MLD may transmit an indication of the flexible usage policy. A non-AP MLD may transmit data to the AP MLD according to the flexible usage policy.

An apparatus comprising at least one processor and at least one memory including computer program code, the at least one memory and the computer program code being configured to, with the at least one processor, cause the apparatus at least to perform determining, per a communication service to which resources are to be allocated, a metric value using a first predefined set of rules, determining, per a sensing service to which resources are to be allocated, a metric value using a second predefined set of rules, sorting communication services to which resources are to be allocated and sensing services to which resources are to be allocated based on the metric values to a sorted order using a third rule, and allocating resources for the communication services and the sensing services based on the sorted order.

A method for concurrent execution of multiple protocols using a single radio of a wireless communication device is provided that includes receiving, in a radio command scheduler, a first radio command from a first protocol stack of a plurality of protocol states executing on the wireless communication device, determining a scheduling policy for the first radio command based on a current state of each protocol stack of the plurality of protocol stacks, and scheduling the first radio command in a radio command queue for the radio based on the scheduling policy, wherein the radio command scheduler uses the radio command queue to schedule radio commands received from the plurality of protocol stacks.

Methods and systems for SIM management on a DSDA/DSDS device. Methods and systems for Subscriber Identity Module (SIM) management on a User Equipment (UE) are provided. The UE includes one of, a Dual SIM Dual Active (DSDA) UE, or a Dual SIM Dual Standby (DSDS) UE. A method disclosed herein includes selecting a SIM from dual SIM for at least one application to establish at least one Protocol Data Unit (PDU) session. The method includes selecting the SIM for the at least one application based on, at least one of, UE Route Selection Policy (URSP) rules of each SIM, Local Area Data Network (LADN) Data Network Names (DNNs) available per SIM, a current status of each SIM, and an availability of Public Network Integrated Non-Public Network (PNI-NPN) services for each SIM.

A system described herein may identify traffic to be processed by a gateway device. The system may evaluate one or more parameters of the traffic based on a first set of conditions, and identify a first condition that is applicable to the traffic. The system may evaluate, based on identifying the first condition, the one or more parameters based on a second set of conditions and identify a second condition, of the second set of conditions, that is applicable to the traffic. The system may further identify one or more actions to perform with respect to the traffic based on the identified first and second conditions, and instruct the gateway device to perform the one or more actions on the traffic prior to outputting the traffic from the gateway device.

Methods for service transmission, a core network device, and an access network device are provided. The method includes obtaining, by a core network device, a QoS profile for transmitting the unicast service and/or the multicast service, and transmitting, by the core network device, the QoS profile to the access network device. The unicast service and the multicast service are transmitted through the same PDU session. The QoS profile is used for the access network device to transmit a target service.

A method for rule-based mission critical (MCX) communication by an MCS server is provided. The method includes: receiving, from an MCX client, an MCX service request which includes rule-set information for the MCX service request; determining at least one MCX participant required for the MCX service request based on the rule-set information for the MCX service request; and initiating a wireless communication between the determined MCX participant and the MCX client based on the rule-set information for the MCX service request.

The present disclosure provides connection management techniques based on graph neural networks (GNN) and deep reinforcement learning (DRL) to optimize user association and load balancing. A graph structure of a communication network is considered for the GNN architecture and DRL is used to learn parameters of the GNN algorithm/model. Connection management is defined as a combinatorial graph optimization problem, and the DRL mechanism uses the underlying graph to learn weights of the GNN for an optimal user connections or associations. The connection management techniques can consider local network features to make better decisions to balance network traffic load while network throughput is also maximized. Implementations are provided based on edge computing frameworks include the Open RAN (O-RAN) architecture. Other embodiments may be described and/or claimed.

Systems, apparatuses, methods, and program products to provision a user plane (UP) security policy at a granularity level that is per data radio bearer (DRB) within a protocol data unit (PDU) session or per quality of service (QoS) flow within one or more DRB of the PDU session.