A plasma reactor comprises a housing, a first fluid inlet, a second fluid inlet, a first electric field generator, and an effluent outlet. The housing includes an axial aligned passageway and an internal reactor chamber coupled with the passageway. The first fluid inlet receives and delivers a first fluid to the reactor chamber. The second fluid inlet receives and delivers a second fluid to the reactor chamber. The first electric field generator is positioned in the reactor chamber and includes a first electrode and a spaced apart second electrode. The first electric field generator generates a first electric field, wherein the first fluid passes through the first electric field creating a plasma which is injected into the second fluid while the second fluid is flowing through the passageway to create an effluent. The effluent outlet receives the effluent from the reactor chamber and delivers it to a destination.

Water is flowed inside main body section formed from an insulating material such that a specified space remains inside the main body section. Electrodes and are arranged along the outer walls of the main body section and voltage is applied to the electrodes. Processing gas present inside the main body section is plasmarized and plasma is emitted to the water flowing inside the main body section.

A method for preparing cold atmospheric plasma stimulated cell culture media with a cold atmospheric plasma system having a delivery port out of which an inert gas flows. The inert gas may be helium. The method comprises the steps of placing a cell culture media in a first well, the first well having a bottom and having a diameter greater than 20 mm; wherein the cell culture media placed in the first well has a volume of 4 ml or less, treating the cell culture media in the first well with cold atmospheric plasma, wherein the treating is performed with a gap between the delivery port and the bottom of the first well is between 2.5 cm and 3.5 cm, and transferring a portion of the treated media to cultured cancer cells in a second well. The cold atmospheric plasma may be applied for 0.5 minutes to 2 minutes.

A nozzle for a plasma generator having a body defining a plasma generating chamber with a gas inlet at one end and a plasma outlet at the opposite end defining the flow direction from the inlet to the outlet. An inner electrode is positioned around an inner wall of the body and an outer earthed electrode is provided around an outer wall of the body. The inner electrode and the outer electrode overlap one another in the flow direction.

Certain embodiments described herein are directed to devices that can be used to sustain a capacitively coupled plasma. In some examples, a capacitive device can be used to sustain a capacitively coupled plasma in a torch in the absence of any substantial inductive coupling. In certain embodiments, a helium gas flow can be used with the capacitive device to sustain a capacitively coupled plasma.

Apparatus for plasma processing of a continuous fiber, comprising a first and a second plasma torch. Each plasma torch comprises oppositely arranged electrodes to define a plasma discharge chamber between the electrodes. The plasma discharge chamber comprises an inlet and an outlet for passing a plasma forming gas between the electrodes. The apparatus further comprises an afterglow chamber in fluid communication with the outlets of the plasma discharge chambers, which comprises a substrate inlet and a substrate outlet arranged at opposite sides of the outlets of the plasma discharge chambers. A transport system is configured to continuously transport the fiber from the substrate inlet to the substrate outlet through the afterglow chamber. The substrate inlet comprises an aperture having a cross-sectional size substantially smaller than a cross-sectional size of the afterglow chamber. The outlets of the plasma torches face each other and exhaust plasma activated species into the afterglow chamber.

Methods and apparatus provide for: feeding glass batch material into a plasma containment vessel in such a way that the glass batch material is dispensed as a sheet of glass batch material particles; directing one or more sources of plasma gas into the inner volume of the plasma containment vessel in such a way that the plasma gas enters the plasma containment vessel as at least one sheet of plasma gas; and applying an alternating electric field to facilitate production of a plasma plume within the inner volume of the plasma containment vessel, where the plasma plume is of dimensions sufficient to envelope the sheet of glass batch material particles, and is of sufficient thermal energy to cause the glass batch material to react and melt thereby forming substantially homogeneous, spheroid-shaped glass intermediate particles.

One aspect of the invention provides a method of generating ultraviolet radiation. The method includes: introducing a mixture of nitrogen gas and helium gas into a dielectric barrier discharge device including a high voltage electrode and a ground electrode separated by a gap and a dielectric; and applying suitable electricity to the high voltage electrode, thereby generating ultraviolet radiation. Another aspect of the invention provides a plasma- and ultraviolet-generating nozzle including: a dielectric barrier discharge device; and a controller programmed to control flows of gas into the dielectric barrier discharge device and application of suitable electricity to the dielectric barrier discharge device to selectively generate either plasma or ultraviolet radiation. Another aspect of the invention provides a printing system including: a motion control system; and the plasma- and ultraviolet-generating nozzle as described herein coupled to the motion control system.

Methods and apparatus provide for: feeding glass batch material into a plasma containment vessel in such a way that the glass batch material is dispensed as a sheet of glass batch material particles; directing one or more sources of plasma gas into the inner volume of the plasma containment vessel in such a way that the plasma gas enters the plasma containment vessel as at least one sheet of plasma gas; and applying an alternating electric field to facilitate production of a plasma plume within the inner volume of the plasma containment vessel, where the plasma plume is of dimensions sufficient to envelope the sheet of glass batch material particles, and is of sufficient thermal energy to cause the glass batch material to react and melt thereby forming substantially homogeneous, spheroid-shaped glass intermediate particles.

According to one embodiment of the present disclosure, there can be provided a plasma generating device for performing plasma discharge, the plasma generating device having multiple operation modes including a first mode and a second mode, and including: a first power supply capable of changing a frequency within a first frequency range; a second power supply capable of changing a frequency within a second frequency range that is at least partially different from the first frequency range; a dielectric tube; and an antenna module including a first unit coil wound around the dielectric tube at least one time, a second unit coil wound around the dielectric tube at least one time, and a first capacitor connected in series between the first unit coil and the second unit coil.