The present invention discloses a bismuth oxide (Bi.sub.2O.sub.3)/bismuth subcarbonate ((BiO).sub.2CO.sub.3)/bismuth molybdate (Bi.sub.2MoO.sub.6) composite photocatalyst, including a Bi.sub.2MoO.sub.6 photocatalyst, where Bi.sub.2O.sub.3 and (BiO).sub.2CO.sub.3 nanosheets are introduced to a surface of the Bi.sub.2MoO.sub.6 through addition of Na.sub.2CO.sub.3 and roasting. The present invention also discloses a preparation method of the Bi.sub.2O.sub.3/(BiO).sub.2CO.sub.3/Bi.sub.2MoO.sub.6 composite photocatalyst which is specifically implemented by the following steps: step 1: preparing a Bi.sub.2MoO.sub.6 photocatalyst; step 2: introducing Bi.sub.2O.sub.3 and (BiO).sub.2CO.sub.3 nanosheets to a surface of the Bi.sub.2MoO.sub.6 photocatalyst obtained in step 1 through addition of Na.sub.2CO.sub.3 and roasting to obtain the Bi.sub.2O.sub.3/(BiO).sub.2CO.sub.3/Bi.sub.2MoO.sub.6 composite photocatalyst. The photocatalyst of the present invention has no agglomeration, a wide responsive range of visible light, a significantly improved catalytic activity compared with a Bi.sub.2MoO.sub.6 alone, and excellent reusability. Moreover, the preparation method is simple with mild conditions, desired controllability and convenient operation.

Metal ion-directed carboxylic acid functionalized polyoxometalate hybrid compounds, and their preparation method and applications in catalyzing the degradation of chemical warfare agent simulants. In the synthesis, Na.sub.2MoO.sub.4, p-hydroxybenzonic acid (PHBA), alanine (Ala), KCl, transition metal cations and As.sub.2O.sub.3 as raw materials and water are used as solvent. At room temperature, 2-chloroethyl ethyl sulfide (CEES) and the prepared polyoxometalate hybrid compounds were mixed together in anhydrous ethanol and stirred, and H.sub.2O.sub.2 was subsequently added into the reaction system. The catalytic reaction for the degradation of CEES was finished within 5 min under stirring. In the catalytic hydrolysis of diethyl cyanophosphonate (DECP), the catalyst, DECP, DMF and H.sub.2O were put together and mixed fully. The prepared polyoxometalate hybrid compounds have the advantages of high conversion, high selectivity and easy recyclability in catalyzing the degradation of two types of chemical warfare agent simulant.

The present disclosure relates to a strategy to synthesize antimony- and zinc-doped tin oxide particles with tunable band gap characteristics. The methods yield stable and monodispersed particles with great control on uniformity of shape and size. The methods produce undoped and antimony and zinc-doped tin oxide stand-alone and core-shell particles, both nanoparticles and microparticles, as well as antimony and zinc-doped tin oxide shells for coating particles, including plasmonic core particles.

The present disclosure relates to a strategy to synthesize antimony- and zinc-doped tin oxide particles with tunable band gap characteristics. The methods yield stable and monodispersed particles with great control on uniformity of shape and size. The methods produce undoped and antimony and zinc-doped tin oxide stand-alone and core-shell particles, both nanoparticles and microparticles, as well as antimony and zinc-doped tin oxide shells for coating particles, including plasmonic core particles.

The present disclosure relates to a process for stabilizing an antimony ammoxidation catalyst in an ammoxidation process. The process may comprise providing an antimony ammoxidation catalyst to a reactor; reacting propylene with ammonia and oxygen in the fluidized bed reactor in the presence of the antimony ammoxidation catalyst to form a crude acrylonitrile product; and adding an effective amount of an antimony-containing compound to the antimony ammoxidation catalyst to maintain catalyst conversion and selectivity; wherein the antimony-containing compound has a melting point less than 375° C. The present disclosure also relates to catalyst compositions and additional processes using the antimony ammoxidation catalyst stabilized by an antimony-containing compound.

A catalytic bed for the partial oxidation of n-butane to maleic anhydride which comprises at least one first catalytic layer and at least one second catalytic layer, wherein each catalytic layer consists of a vanadium and phosphorus mixed oxide (VPO) catalyst and only the catalyst of the second catalytic layer further comprises tungsten, and wherein the second catalytic layer constitutes 25% to 45% of the total length of the catalytic bed and is arranged consecutively after the first catalytic layer along the direction in which the mixture of gases comprising the oxidation reagents flows. The present invention also relates to a process for producing maleic anhydride by partial oxidation of n-butane which uses the catalytic bed.

A catalytic bed for the partial oxidation of n-butane to maleic anhydride which comprises at least one first catalytic layer and at least one second catalytic layer, wherein each catalytic layer consists of a vanadium and phosphorus mixed oxide (VPO) catalyst and only the catalyst of the second catalytic layer further comprises tungsten, and wherein the second catalytic layer constitutes 25% to 45% of the total length of the catalytic bed and is arranged consecutively after the first catalytic layer along the direction in which the mixture of gases comprising the oxidation reagents flows. The present invention also relates to a process for producing maleic anhydride by partial oxidation of n-butane which uses the catalytic bed.

The present disclosure provides a method for producing HFC-143 that is not expensive, and that is more efficient than conventional methods. Specifically, the present disclosure provides a method for producing 1,1,2-trifluoroethane (HFC-143) that includes contacting at least one chlorine-containing compound selected from the group consisting of 1,1,2-trichloroethane (HCC-140), 1,2-dichloro-1-fluoroethane (HCFC-141), 1,1-dichloro-2-fluoroethane (HCFC-141a), (E,Z)-1,2-dichloroethylene (HCO-1130 (E,Z)), and (E,Z)-1-chloro-2-fluoroethylene (HCFO-1131 (E,Z)) with hydrogen fluoride to perform one or more fluorination reactions, thereby obtaining a reaction gas containing HFC-143, hydrogen chloride, and hydrogen fluoride.

The present disclosure provides a method for producing HFC-143 that is not expensive, and that is more efficient than conventional methods. Specifically, the present disclosure provides a method for producing 1,1,2-trifluoroethane (HFC-143) that includes contacting at least one chlorine-containing compound selected from the group consisting of 1,1,2-trichloroethane (HCC-140), 1,2-dichloro-1-fluoroethane (HCFC-141), 1,1-dichloro-2-fluoroethane (HCFC-141a), (E,Z)-1,2-dichloroethylene (HCO-1130 (E,Z)), and (E,Z)-1-chloro-2-fluoroethylene (HCFO-1131 (E,Z)) with hydrogen fluoride to perform one or more fluorination reactions, thereby obtaining a reaction gas containing HFC-143, hydrogen chloride, and hydrogen fluoride.

The present invention relates to a catalyst-supporting organic-inorganic hybrid composite particle, and more particularly, to a technique of adjusting a desired pot life and curing speed by preparing a catalyst-supporting organic-inorganic hybrid composite particle by adding a catalyst for polyurethane reaction to a catalyst-supporting particle prepared by stirring an alkoxy silane-functionalized polyurethane precursor and the tetraethyl orthosilicate for a certain period of time and mixing them, and adjusting an initiation rate for polyurethane polymerization through the prepared catalyst-supporting organic-inorganic hybrid composite particle.