Decontaminating materials and methods of making and using the same are provided. The material comprises a network comprising electrospun polymeric nanofibers and at least 50 grams of metal organic framework (MOF) microparticles per m.sup.2 of the network based on the entire area of the network. A composition of the polymeric nanofibers comprises a hydroscopic polymer. An area of the material is defined by an outer surface of the network. The MOF microparticles are retained between the polymeric nanofibers in the network and are configured to decontaminate a chemical threat agent in contact with the material.

A water treatment method includes contacting a contaminated aqueous composition containing one or more anionic azo dyes with an adsorbent to adsorb the one or more anionic azo dyes on surfaces and pores of the adsorbent and form a purified aqueous composition. The adsorbent is at least one of a zeolitic imidazolate framework-8 modified MnCuAl layered triple hydroxide (ZIF-8@MnCuAl-LTH), a MnCuAl layered triple hydroxide modified zeolitic imidazolate framework-8 (MnCuAl-LTH@ZIF-8), and a MnCuAl layered triple oxide modified zeolitic imidazolate framework-8 (MnCuAl-LTO@ZIF-8). The adsorbent has an adsorption capacity in a range of 50 to 700 milligrams the one or more anionic azo dyes per gram of the adsorbent (mg/g) in the contaminated aqueous composition having a pH of 4 to 12.

The present disclosure relates to methods for producing metal sulfide disposed on particle substrates. In at least one embodiment, a method for producing an alkali earth hydroxide particle having a metal sulfide disposed thereon includes introducing an alkali earth oxide particle with a metal sulfate to form a first composition. The method includes introducing an alkali sulfide or an alkali earth sulfide with the first composition to form a second composition. The present disclosure further relates to compositions of matter having metal sulfide disposed on a particle substrate. In at least one embodiment, a composition of matter includes an alkali earth hydroxide particle. The composition of matter includes a metal sulfide disposed on the alkali earth hydroxide particle.

A method of adsorbing a dye from an aqueous solution including contacting a composition with the aqueous solution. At least a portion of the dye adsorbs to the composition. The composition includes biochar, cellulose nanocrystals, and a layered double hydroxide (LDH). The LDH includes Cu and Fe. Particles of the LDH and the biochar at least partially cover an outer surface of the cellulose nanocrystals.

A membrane includes a polysulfone-based support, a polydopamine (PDA) layer disposed on a surface of the polysulfone-based support, and a silver/polydopamine (Ag/PDA) composite layer disposed on a surface of the polydopamine layer. The polysulfone-based support has a pore size of up to 600 nanometers (nm). The Ag/PDA composite layer contains core-shell structure particles and spherical particles. The core-shell structure particles have a silver nanoparticle core and a polydopamine shell. The spherical particles are silver-decorated polydopamine particles. The membrane can at least partially separate an Erichrome Black T (EBT) dye from an EBT dye/salt containing mixture by rejecting the EBT dye and allowing the EBT dye/salt containing mixture to pass through the membrane.

An absorbent belt according to an embodiment is for absorbing an oil contained in a cleaning liquid, and the absorbent belt includes a sponge member coated with dopamine (DA) formed by immersing a sponge in a solution mixed with the dopamine in a preset range of 1 g/L or more and 16 g/L or less.

A membrane includes a polysulfone-based support, a polydopamine (PDA) layer disposed on a surface of the polysulfone-based support, and a silver/polydopamine (Ag/PDA) composite layer disposed on a surface of the polydopamine layer. The polysulfone-based support has a pore size of up to 600 nanometers (nm). The Ag/PDA composite layer contains core-shell structure particles and spherical particles. The core-shell structure particles have a silver nanoparticle core and a polydopamine shell. The spherical particles are silver-decorated polydopamine particles. The membrane can at least partially separate an Erichrome Black T (EBT) dye from an EBT dye/salt containing mixture by rejecting the EBT dye and allowing the EBT dye/salt containing mixture to pass through the membrane.

This new low-energy desalination methodology has vastly increased the salt extraction efficiency from 31.7% with pure silicon disks to over 99% with pure. magnesium disks. This huge increase in extraction efficiency was executed with just enough energy use to have the salt water move over the magnesium disk. We expect this desalination methodology to revolutionize fresh water production on a worldwide level.

A composition for removing heavy metal ions from an environment includes a porous particle having a plurality of pores, and a coating disposed on a surface of each pore of the plurality of pores. The coating includes a metal oxide layer on the surface of each pore of the plurality of pores and a silane-thiol layer on a surface of the metal oxide layer.

A method of adsorbing a dye from an aqueous solution including contacting a composition with the aqueous solution. At least a portion of the dye adsorbs to the composition. The composition includes biochar, cellulose nanocrystals, and a layered double hydroxide (LDH). The LDH includes Cu and Fe. Particles of the LDH and the biochar at least partially cover an outer surface of the cellulose nanocrystals.