According to the present invention, there is provided a SiC epitaxial wafer including: a 4H-SiC single crystal substrate which has a surface with an off angle with respect to a c-plane as a main surface and a bevel part on a peripheral part; and a SiC epitaxial layer having a film thickness of 20 μm or more, which is formed on the 4H-SiC single crystal substrate, in which a density of an interface dislocation extending from an outer peripheral edge of the SiC epitaxial layer is 10 lines/cm or less.

Silicon particles for active materials and electro-chemical cells are provided. The active materials comprising silicon particles described herein can be utilized as an electrode material for a battery. In certain embodiments, the composite material includes greater than 0% and less than about 90% by weight silicon particles, the silicon particles having an average particle size between about 10 nm and about 40 μm, wherein the silicon particles have surface coatings comprising silicon carbide or a mixture of carbon and silicon carbide, and greater than 0% and less than about 90% by weight of one or more types of carbon phases, wherein at least one of the one or more types of carbon phases is a substantially continuous phase.

Silicon particles for active materials and electro-chemical cells are provided. The active materials comprising silicon particles described herein can be utilized as an electrode material for a battery. In certain embodiments, the composite material includes greater than 0% and less than about 90% by weight silicon particles, the silicon particles having an average particle size between about 10 nm and about 40 μm, wherein the silicon particles have surface coatings comprising silicon carbide or a mixture of carbon and silicon carbide, and greater than 0% and less than about 90% by weight of one or more types of carbon phases, wherein at least one of the one or more types of carbon phases is a substantially continuous phase.

Three-dimensional nanoporous aerogels and suitable preparation methods are provided. Nanoporous aerogels may include a carbide material such as a silicon carbide, a metal carbide, or a metalloid carbide. Elemental (e.g., metallic or metalloid) aerogels may also be produced. In some embodiments, a cross-linked aerogel having a conformal coating on a sol-gel material is processed to form a carbide aerogel, metal aerogel, or metalloid aerogel. A three-dimensional nanoporous network may include a free radical initiator that reacts with a cross-linking agent to form the cross-linked aerogel. The cross-linked aerogel may be chemically aromatized and chemically carbonized to form a carbon-coated aerogel. The carbon-coated aerogel may be suitably processed to undergo a carbothermal reduction, yielding an aerogel where oxygen is chemically extracted. Residual carbon remaining on the surface of the aerogel may be removed via an appropriate cleaning treatment.

Three-dimensional nanoporous aerogels and suitable preparation methods are provided. Nanoporous aerogels may include a carbide material such as a silicon carbide, a metal carbide, or a metalloid carbide. Elemental (e.g., metallic or metalloid) aerogels may also be produced. In some embodiments, a cross-linked aerogel having a conformal coating on a sol-gel material is processed to form a carbide aerogel, metal aerogel, or metalloid aerogel. A three-dimensional nanoporous network may include a free radical initiator that reacts with a cross-linking agent to form the cross-linked aerogel. The cross-linked aerogel may be chemically aromatized and chemically carbonized to form a carbon-coated aerogel. The carbon-coated aerogel may be suitably processed to undergo a carbothermal reduction, yielding an aerogel where oxygen is chemically extracted. Residual carbon remaining on the surface of the aerogel may be removed via an appropriate cleaning treatment.

A manufacturing method of a carbide includes steps as follows. A carbon source is provided, a contacting step, a heating step and an electrochemical step are performed. The carbon source includes an amorphous carbon and a compound. The compound is a chalcogen compound, a pnictide compound, a halide, a hydroxide or a salt of a metal or a metalloid. In the contacting step, the carbon source is disposed in an alkaline earth metal halide to form a reactant. In the heating step, the reactant is heated to form a heated reactant. In the electrochemical step, a current is applied to the heated reactant, wherein the current passes through the carbon source, so as to make the alkaline earth metal halide, the amorphous carbon and the compound react with one another to form a carbide of the metal or the metalloid.

Embodiments of the disclosure relate to a novel concept complex generator enabling high-efficient power generation by applying a polar solution to a MXene layer-coated hydrophilic fiber membrane-based complex generator, and a manufacturing method thereof. Specifically, a MXene layer-coated hydrophilic fiber membrane-based electrical energy generation device uniformly applies MXene particles to fiber strand surfaces of hydrophilic fiber membranes through a dipping process to form a MXene layer.

The present invention relates to an etching composition and a method of producing a MXene. The etching composition of the present invention can stably and quickly produce a MXene at high temperature. The etching composition of the present invention can produce a MXene in high yield. The etching composition of the present invention can easily produce various types of MXenes. A method using the etching composition of the present invention can produce a MXene having excellent electrochemical and mechanical properties.

An adsorbent that includes: particles of a layered material including one or plural layers; and one or more metal atoms selected from Al, Mg, Ca, Ba, Fe, Zn, Mn, or Cu. The one or plural layers include a layer body represented by: M.sub.mX.sub.n wherein M is at least one metal of Group 3, 4, 5, 6, or 7, X is a carbon atom, a nitrogen atom, or a combination thereof, n is 1 to 4, and m is more than n and 5 or less. A modifier or terminal T exists on a surface of the layer body, T is at least one of a hydroxyl group, a fluorine atom, a chlorine atom, an oxygen atom, or a hydrogen atom, and the M of the layer body is bonded to at least one of a chlorine atom, a phosphorus atom, an iodine atom, or a sulfur atom.

Silicon particles for active materials and electro-chemical cells are provided. The active materials comprising silicon particles described herein can be utilized as an electrode material for a battery. In certain embodiments, the composite material includes greater than 0% and less than about 90% by weight silicon particles, the silicon particles having an average particle size between about 10 nm and about 40 μm, wherein the silicon particles have surface coatings comprising silicon carbide or a mixture of carbon and silicon carbide, and greater than 0% and less than about 90% by weight of one or more types of carbon phases, wherein at least one of the one or more types of carbon phases is a substantially continuous phase.