An HHO gas second fuel is produced in a pressure-resistant container and distributed at a low volumetric rate at multiple locations about the internal combustion engine.

A system and process for producing doped carbon nanomaterials is disclosed. A carbonate electrolyte including a doping component is provided during the electrolysis between an anode and a cathode immersed in carbonate electrolyte contained in a cell. The carbonate electrolyte is heated to a molten state. An electrical current is applied to the anode, and cathode, to the molten carbonate electrolyte disposed between the anode and cathode. A morphology element maximizes carbon nanotubes, versus graphene versus carbon nano-onion versus hollow carbon nano-sphere nanomaterial product. The resulting carbon nanomaterial growth is collected from the cathode of the cell.

A system and process for producing doped carbon nanomaterials is disclosed. A carbonate electrolyte including a doping component is provided during the electrolysis between an anode and a cathode immersed in carbonate electrolyte contained in a cell. The carbonate electrolyte is heated to a molten state. An electrical current is applied to the anode, and cathode, to the molten carbonate electrolyte disposed between the anode and cathode. A morphology element maximizes carbon nanotubes, versus graphene versus carbon nano-onion versus hollow carbon nano-sphere nanomaterial product. The resulting carbon nanomaterial growth is collected from the cathode of the cell.

A capillary electrolysis in alkaline solution to produce hydrogen has a container having a plurality of polarized electrodes immersed in a chemical solution. A power source to generate the required electricity to produce a chemical reaction between the chemical solution and the electrodes.

A capillary electrolysis in alkaline solution to produce hydrogen has a container having a plurality of polarized electrodes immersed in a chemical solution. A power source to generate the required electricity to produce a chemical reaction between the chemical solution and the electrodes.

A carbon dioxide electrolytic device of an embodiment includes: an electrolysis cell including a first accommodation part for accommodating carbon dioxide, a second accommodation part for accommodating an electrolytic solution containing water, or water vapor, a diaphragm provided between the first accommodation part and the second accommodation part, a reduction electrode arranged in the first accommodation part, and an oxidation electrode arranged in the second accommodation part; a first power supply control unit capable of being connected to a first power supply which supplies power to the electrolysis cell; a second power supply control unit capable of being connected to a second power supply which supplies power to the electrolysis cell; and an integration control unit controlling the first power supply control unit and the second power supply control unit, and switching the supply of power from the first power supply or the second power supply to the electrolysis cell.

A carbon dioxide electrolytic device of an embodiment includes: an electrolysis cell including a first accommodation part for accommodating carbon dioxide, a second accommodation part for accommodating an electrolytic solution containing water, or water vapor, a diaphragm provided between the first accommodation part and the second accommodation part, a reduction electrode arranged in the first accommodation part, and an oxidation electrode arranged in the second accommodation part; a first power supply control unit capable of being connected to a first power supply which supplies power to the electrolysis cell; a second power supply control unit capable of being connected to a second power supply which supplies power to the electrolysis cell; and an integration control unit controlling the first power supply control unit and the second power supply control unit, and switching the supply of power from the first power supply or the second power supply to the electrolysis cell.

Fabricating a doped bismuth vanadate electrode includes spray coating a substrate with an aqueous solution with vanadium-containing anions and bismuth-containing cations to yield a coated substrate, heating the coated substrate to form crystalline bismuth vanadate on the substrate, and doping the crystalline bismuth vanadate with lithium ions to yield a doped bismuth vanadate electrode.

Fabricating a doped bismuth vanadate electrode includes spray coating a substrate with an aqueous solution with vanadium-containing anions and bismuth-containing cations to yield a coated substrate, heating the coated substrate to form crystalline bismuth vanadate on the substrate, and doping the crystalline bismuth vanadate with lithium ions to yield a doped bismuth vanadate electrode.

Systems and methods for electrochemically producing chemical products are provided. In certain cases, the systems and methods described herein are capable of producing chemical products such as hydrogen peroxide in solutions with relatively low concentrations of electrolyte or other dissolved species at high efficiencies and/or low energetic cost. In some cases, redox mediators are used to spatially decouple direct electrochemical processes from the production of the chemical product.