Provided is a use of Rhodococcus ruber cell wall skeleton in promoting the proliferation of stem cells, promoting the growth of stem cells, promoting the differentiation of stem cells, promoting the migration of stem cells, and improving the survival rate of stem cells; the stem cells are selected from: adult stem cells, iPSCs, and mesenchymal stem cells.

The present invention provides for a Pseudomonas cell is able to grow in a medium with xylose or galactose as a sole carbon source with a growth rate of equal to or higher than 0.10 h.sup.−1. The present invention provides for methods and compositions relating to an engineered Pseudomonas putida KT2440 utilizing a non-native carbon source, such as galactose or xylose or both.

The present invention provides a culture medium for inducing an increase in a plasmid copy number and use thereof. The culture medium for inducing an increase in a plasmid copy number of the present invention has a plasmid extraction concentration increased by from 45 to 95% compared with a conventional method for inducing a plasmid copy number, and has a plasmid extraction concentration increased by from 110 to 440% compared with an induction method using a culture medium without glucose and arabinose. The culture medium plays an important role in inducing an increase in a plasmid copy number and achieving high-throughput production.

The present invention relates to a Lactobacillus spp. selective prebiotic composition comprising one, or a mixture of two or more, of: xylooligosaccharides, cellobiose and/or gentiooligosaccharides. The present invention also relates to a synbiotic composition comprising a probiotic component comprising one or more strains of Lactobacillus rhamnosus and/or one or more strains of Lactobacillus plantarum and a prebiotic component comprising a growth medium which is specific for the growth of the probiotic component, wherein the prebiotic growth medium comprises one or more, or a mixture of two of more, components selected from: xylooligosaccharides, cellobiose and/or gentiooligosaccharides. The present invention also relates to methods of producing and selecting such compositions.

The present invention provides inhibitors of fucosylation during protein expression from mammalian cells. The inhibitors are derived from rhamnose and act by inhibition of GDP-mannose 4,6-dehydratase (GMD). The invention further provides methods of making proteins with reduced level of fucosylation, such as antibodies and antibodies made by the methods of the present invention. Such hypofucosylated or nonfucosylated antibodies may find use, for example, in treatment of human disease in which is it therapeutically eneficial to direct antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) mediated killing of cells expressing the antibody target on their surface, for example in depletion of Tregs in cancer patients using a hypofucosylated or nonfucosylated anti-CTLA-4 antibody.

The present invention relates to the field of cell culture and recombinant protein or recombinant virus production in mammalian cells. It specifically relates to a novel feed medium providing lactate and high concentrations of cysteine and to a method for culturing mammalian cells or for producing a product of interest, such as a heterologous protein or a recombinant virus, using said feed medium.

Provided is a method for producing 2-pyrone-4,6-dicarboxylic acid (PDC) by culturing a microorganism that produces PDC. The present invention provides a method of producing PDC by culturing a microorganism that produces 2-pyrone-4,6-dicarboxylic acid (PDC), wherein the method comprises: dissolving the starting substance for production of PDC in a buffer solution that contains no alkali metals, and adjusting the pH of a culture solution with a buffer solution that contains no alkali metals.

An application of MAL33 gene deletion in improving the tolerance of Saccharomyces cerevisiae to inhibitors in a lignocellulose hydrolyzate is provided. The tolerance of the present MAL33 gene-deleted Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain to acetic acid is greatly improved, and the tolerance of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain to other typical inhibitors and H.sub.2O.sub.2 in the lignocellulose hydrolyzate is also improved. The lag period of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain in a glucose and xylose medium (YPDX) with 3.5 g/L acetic acid is shortened by 24 h. The fermentation period of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain to produce ethanol through co-utilization of glucose and xylose is shortened by 20 h. The growth of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain in a glucose and xylose medium (YPDX) with a mixed inhibitor and the ethanol production of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain through the co-fermentation of glucose and xylose are superior to those of a control strain.

The present invention relates to a method for producing a composition which comprises animal protein, comprising (a) isolating precursor cells from perinatal tissue of a mammal; (b) incubating the precursor cells under conditions which lead to a myogenic differentiation of the precursor cells; and (c) harvesting the cells. The present invention also relates to a method for producing precursor cells from perinatal tissue, to animal protein produced according to the invention, and precursor cells produced according to the invention. The present invention further relates to the use of a culture medium which has a reduced content of methionine in comparison to standard medium, to the differentiation of precursor cells, and to a method for the in vitro production of a meat-like composition.

A medium for stem cells according to the present invention contains at least one of carboxymethyl cellulose and polyvinylpyrrolidone as a water-soluble polymer. The content of carboxymethyl cellulose in the medium is preferably such that the final concentration thereof is 0.001 μg/mL to 1 mg/mL. The content of polyvinylpyrrolidone in the medium is preferably such that the final concentration thereof is 0.05 μg/mL to 2 mg/mL.