Provided are methods of forming a carbon-carbon bond between a first compound and a second compound through a hydroarylation chemical reaction. The methods include contacting the first compound and the second compound in the presence of an acid catalyst. The methods include forming a carbon-carbon bond wherein the first compound includes a first aryl group that is electron-deficient. Provided is a method of generating a quaternary carbon through a hydroarylation chemical reaction.

An alkylation catalyst composition is provided which comprises an acid, an aromatic, and a third component selected from the group consisting of a base capable of forming an ionic liquid with the acid; and an ionic liquid. An alkylation process is also provided which comprises combining the alkylation catalyst composition with a feedstock under conditions to produce an alkylate product for a motor fuel additive. The alkylate product produced by the alkylation process is also provided.

Provided is a catalyst which comprises a compound represented by formula (1) and which exhibits activity for at least one type of reaction selected from among hydrosilylation reaction or hydrogenation reaction with respect to an aliphatic unsaturated bond and hydrosilane reduction reaction with respect to a carbon-oxygen unsaturated bond or a carbon-nitrogen unsaturated bond. Formula (1): M.sub.n(L.sub.m) {M represents Fe, Co, or Ni having an oxidation number of 0, L represents an isocyanide ligand represented by formula (2), n denotes an integer of 1-8, and m denotes an integer of 2-12. Formula (2): (CN).sub.x—R.sup.1 (R.sup.1 represents a mono- to trivalent-organic group having 1-30 carbon atoms, optionally being substituted by a halogen atom, and optionally having interposed therein one or more atoms selected from among O, N, S, and Si; and x denotes an integer of 1-3.)}.

The present application discloses a 3,3,3′,3′-tetramethyl-1,1′-spirobiindane-based phosphine ligand, an intermediate, a preparation method and uses thereof. The compound of phosphine ligand is a compound having a structure represented by formula I or formula II, or an enantiomer, a raceme, or diastereomer thereof. The phosphine ligand can be prepared via a preparation scheme in which the cheap and easily available 6,6′-dihydroxyl-3,3,3′,3′-tetramethyl-1,1′-spirobiindane is used as a raw material and the compound represented by formula III serves as the key intermediate. The new phosphine ligand developed by the present application can be used in catalytic organic reaction, in particular as a chiral phosphine ligand that is widely used in many asymmetric catalytic reactions including asymmetric hydrogenation and asymmetric allyl alkylation, and thus it has economic practicability and industrial application prospect. ##STR00001##

A halosilane compound: R.sup.1CH.sub.2CH.sub.2SiR.sup.5.sub.2X is prepared by hydrosilylation reaction of a vinyl compound: R.sup.1CH═CH.sub.2 with a halogenodiorganosilane compound having formula: HSiR.sup.5.sub.2X in the co-presence of an iridium catalyst, an internal olefin compound, and an allyl halide. The halosilane compound is prepared on an industrial scale with the advantages of low costs, high yields, and high selectivity, using a small amount of iridium catalyst.

The invention describes single-site metal catalysts such as Pt single-site centers on powdered oxide supports with a 1,10-phenanthroline-5,6-dione (PDO) or bis-pyrimidyltetrazine (BMTZ) ligand on powdered MgO, Al.sub.2O.sub.3, or CeO.sub.2.

The invention describes single-site metal catalysts such as Pt single-site centers with a 3,6-di-2-pyridyl-1,2,4,5-tetrazine (DPTZ) ligand on support such as a powdered MgO, Al.sub.2O.sub.3, CeO.sub.2 or mixtures thereof.

A composition containing the following components: (a) a hydrosilylation catalyst comprising a metal-ligand complex, and (b) an inhibitor of the catalyst, wherein the inhibitor differs from the ligand of the metal-ligand complex and is represented by formula (I):

X—CHR—CO—Y  (I),

wherein —X represents —NO.sub.2, —S(═O)R, or R.sup.c.sub.2R.sup.aC—CO—; Y represents 2-furyl, —S(═O)R, —CN, —NO.sub.2, or —CR.sup.b.sub.xR.sup.d.sub.3-x; R.sup.a and R.sup.b is independently selected from the group consisting of —O—R, —O—CO—R, —CO—O—R, 2-furyl, —S(═O)R, —CN, —NO.sub.2, —F, —Cl, and —Br; each of R is independently selected from the group consisting of —H, optionally fluorinated C.sub.1-C.sub.8-alkyl, —F, —Cl, and —Br; each of R.sup.c and each of R.sup.d is independently selected from the group consisting of —H, optionally fluorinated C.sub.1-C.sub.8-alkyl, —F, —Cl, and —Br; and x is 0 or 1.

A mixture M includes at least one compound A selected from (a1) a compound of the general formula (I): R.sup.1R.sup.2R.sup.3Si—H, and/or (a2) a compound of the general formula (I′): (SiO.sub.4/2).sub.a(R.sup.xSiO.sub.3/2).sub.b(HSiO.sub.3/2).sub.b′(R.sup.x.sub.2SiO.sub.2/2).sub.c(R.sup.xHSiO.sub.2/2).sub.c′(H.sub.2SiO.sub.2/2).sub.c″(R.sup.x.sub.3SiO.sub.1/2).sub.d(HR.sup.x.sub.2SiO.sub.1/2).sub.d′(H.sub.2R.sup.xSiO.sub.1/2).sub.d″(H.sub.3SiO.sub.1/2).sub.d′″, and at least one compound B selected from (b1) a compound of the general formula (II): R.sup.4R.sup.5R.sup.6Si—O—R.sup.7, and/or (b2) a compound of the general formula (II′): R.sup.x.sub.3Si—O[—SiR.sup.x.sub.2—O].sub.m—[Si(OR.sup.7.sub.3)R.sup.x—O].sub.n—SiR.sup.x.sub.3, and at least one compound C selected from the cationic germanium(II) compound of the general formula (III): ([Ge(II)Cp].sup.+).sub.aX.sup.a−.

The invention describes metal catalysts such as Pt single-site centers on metal oxide supports, e.g., powdered supports, such as MgO, Al.sub.2O.sub.3, CeO.sub.2 or mixtures thereof with phenyl or biphenyl ligands substituted with two or more carboxylic acid groups.