Disclosed herein are methods of producing a gas, the methods comprising dynamically mixing dry particles comprising a precursor and dry particles comprising a proton-generating species for an amount of time to produce the gas and wherein the gas is produced at a rate that is controlled by controlling the rate at which the dry particles comprising the precursor and the dry particles comprising the proton-generating species are dynamically mixed.

Disclosed herein are methods of producing a gas at a variable rate, the methods comprising dynamically mixing dry particles comprising a precursor and dry particles comprising a proton-generating species to produce a gas and wherein the gas is produced at a rate that is varied by varying the amount of time the dry particles comprising the precursor and the dry particles comprising the proton-generating species are dynamically mixed, the rate at which the dry particles comprising the precursor and the dry particles comprising the proton-generating species are dynamically mixed, or a combination thereof.

Various implementations include a fluid treatment device. The device includes an outer tube, an inner tube, a plurality of blades, and a media. The outer tube includes an inner surface. The inner tube is coaxially disposed within the outer tube. An outer surface of the inner tube and the inner surface of the outer tube define an annulus that axially extends between the ends of the inner tube. The plurality of blades is disposed within the annulus. The plurality of blades is configured to alter a component of a flow direction of fluid flowing over the blades in a circumferential direction and/or a radial direction. The media is disposed within the inner tube. The inner tube defines a plurality of perforations extending between its outer surface and inner surface. The annulus defines an entire flow path of fluid flowing between the outer tube and the inner tube.

A method for boosting the efficiency of chlorine dioxide production in a chemical facility. A chloride donor is introduced into a feed of sulfuric acid or a reducing agent, both of which are injected into the recirculation lines, or other areas, of a chlorine dioxide producing facility. The chloride donor provides the intermediate chemical species necessary for the efficient generation of chlorine dioxide at high acidities and/or the high local acidity in the wake zone of the acid injection location, thereby enabling greater efficiency in the reduction of chlorine dioxide from sodium chlorate.

This invention relates to aqueous solutions that contain chlorine dioxide, particularly ultrapure aqueous solutions of chlorine dioxide that can be used, for example, in the field of human and veterinary medicine to disinfect surfaces, devices and instruments, as well as a process for producing such aqueous solutions of chlorine dioxide. In particular, this invention is a process for producing an aqueous solution of chlorine dioxide in which a previously produced aqueous solution of chlorine dioxide is treated so that an ultrapure aqueous solution of chlorine dioxide is obtained. The invented process can be applied to all previously produced aqueous solutions of chlorine dioxide, regardless of the process used to produce these. The invented process can be used in particular to produce ultrapure aqueous solutions of chlorine dioxide much more easily and inexpensively from previously produced aqueous solutions of chlorine dioxide. Surprisingly, it was discovered that the aqueous solutions of chlorine dioxide produced using the invented process show a high level of purity and a surprisingly high level of stability.

A gaseous species can be separated from an aqueous donor mixture and absorbed in an aqueous recipient mixture using a membrane separation apparatus while maintaining a large temperature difference (e.g. greater than 30° C.) between the two aqueous mixtures. A composite membrane is employed which comprises a non-porous membrane adjacent a porous membrane. The non-porous membrane is permeable to the gaseous species. The porous membrane has a porosity greater than 50% and is hydrophobic. In one embodiment, the composite membrane is oriented such that the porous membrane faces the aqueous recipient mixture and is impermeable thereto at the recipient mixture pressure. The invention is particularly suitable for separating chlorine dioxide from chlorine dioxide reaction liquor and absorbing in chilled water.

The present invention relates to a chlorine dioxide composition having excellent storage stability at room temperature and a method for preparing same and, more specifically, to a chlorine dioxide composition comprising an aqueous chlorine dioxide solution, chlorate, chlorite, a stabilizer containing boron and molybdenum, and a surfactant, and a method for preparing same.

According to one aspect of the invention, a method of converting an oxy halide salt into a halide dioxide in a reaction zone under certain conditions is provided. More specifically, the method includes generating chlorine dioxide from a stable composition comprising an oxy halide salt by introducing said composition to a reducing agent and minimum temperature within the reaction zone. According to another aspect of the invention, a composition for a stable chlorine dioxide precursor comprising an oxy halide salt is provided.

Disclosed herein are methods of producing a gas at a variable rate, the methods comprising dynamically mixing dry particles comprising a precursor and dry particles comprising a proton-generating species to produce a gas and wherein the gas is produced at a rate that is varied by varying the amount of time the dry particles comprising the precursor and the dry particles comprising the proton-generating species are dynamically mixed, the rate at which the dry particles comprising the precursor and the dry particles comprising the proton-generating species are dynamically mixed, or a combination thereof.

Chlorous acid is generated from a chlorite salt precursor, a chlorate salt precursor, or a combination of both by ion exchange. The ion exchange material facilitates the generation of chlorous acid by simultaneously removing unwanted cations from solution and adding hydrogen ion to solution. Chlorine dioxide is generated in a controlled manner from chlorous acid by catalysis. Chlorine dioxide can be generated either subsequent to the generation of chlorous acid or simultaneously with the generation of chlorous acid. For catalysis of chlorous acid to chlorine dioxide, the chlorous acid may be generated by ion exchange or in a conventional manner. Ion exchange materials are also used to purify the chlorous acid and chlorine dioxide solutions, without causing degradation of said solutions, to exchange undesirable ions in the chlorous acid and chlorine dioxide solutions with desirable ions, such as stabilizing ions, and to adjust the pH of chlorous acid and chlorine dioxide solutions.