Provided is an electrode mixture containing a lithium-containing transition metal oxide; a conductive additive; a binder; and an organic solvent, wherein the conductive additive comprises at least one nanocarbon material selected from the group consisting of a multilayer carbon nanotube, a carbon nanohorn, a carbon nanofiber, a fullerene, and a graphene, the binder comprises a fluorine-containing copolymer comprising vinylidene fluoride unit and a fluorinated monomer unit, provided that vinylidene fluoride unit is excluded from the fluorinated monomer unit, and a content of vinylidene fluoride unit in the fluorine-containing copolymer is more than 50 mol % and 99 mol % or less with respect to all monomer units.

A composition and method for fabricating graphitic nanocomposites in solid state matrices is presented. The process for fabricating graphitic nanocomposites in solid state matrices may include selecting one or a mixture of specific graphitic nanomaterials. The graphitic nanomaterial(s) may be functionalizing with a moiety similar to the building blocks of the solid state matrices. The functionalized graphitic nanomaterials are mixed with the building blocks of the solid state matrices. The mixture may be cured, which causes in situ formation of the sol-gel solid state matrices that entraps and/or covalently links with the graphitic nanomaterials during the network growing process. This process allows the nanomaterials to be introduced into the matrices homogeneously without forming large aggregations.

A composition and method for fabricating graphitic nanocomposites in solid state matrices is presented. The process for fabricating graphitic nanocomposites in solid state matrices may include selecting one or a mixture of specific graphitic nanomaterials. The graphitic nanomaterial(s) may be functionalizing with a moiety similar to the building blocks of the solid state matrices. The functionalized graphitic nanomaterials are mixed with the building blocks of the solid state matrices. The mixture may be cured, which causes in situ formation of the sol-gel solid state matrices that entraps and/or covalently links with the graphitic nanomaterials during the network growing process. This process allows the nanomaterials to be introduced into the matrices homogeneously without forming large aggregations.

The invention is directed to a method for attaching nanomaterials containing hexagonal lattices to polymer surfaces. For example, carbon nanotubes (CNTs) can be attached to polycarbonate, polyethylene, or epoxy surfaces by amination of the polymer surface, functionalization of the surfaces of CNTs with ester groups, and reacting the aminated surface of the polymer with the ester groups of the functionalized surfaces of the CNTs in an organic solvent to chemically bind the CNTs to the polymer surface.

An electrode material, its manufacturing method, and its use as a cathode material in batteries are provided. The electrode material comprises a plurality of nanoparticles, each having a diameter of approximately 100-400 nm and comprising a core and a shell encapsulating the core. The shell comprises carbon and nitrogen, respectively having a mass fraction of approximately 70-90% and approximately 5-20% relative to a total mass of the shell. The core comprises sulfur, having a mass fraction of approximately 40-97% relative to a total mass of the core. The core has a mass fraction of approximately 50-90% relative to a total mass of each nanoparticle. The electrode material can be used in a cathode of a Li—S battery, which has a good energy storage capacity, a high electrochemical stability, and a low capacity decay.

An electrode material, its manufacturing method, and its use as a cathode material in batteries are provided. The electrode material comprises a plurality of nanoparticles, each having a diameter of approximately 100-400 nm and comprising a core and a shell encapsulating the core. The shell comprises carbon and nitrogen, respectively having a mass fraction of approximately 70-90% and approximately 5-20% relative to a total mass of the shell. The core comprises sulfur, having a mass fraction of approximately 40-97% relative to a total mass of the core. The core has a mass fraction of approximately 50-90% relative to a total mass of each nanoparticle. The electrode material can be used in a cathode of a Li—S battery, which has a good energy storage capacity, a high electrochemical stability, and a low capacity decay.

To provide an n-type dopant capable of providing high charge mobility and controlling the Fermi level. To provide an organic semiconductor layer having high charge mobility, no crystal distortion, no dopant diffusion even at high temperatures, and having a controlled Fermi level. To provide an organic semiconductor devices such as an organic semiconductor solar cells with high power conversion efficiency.

An n-type organic semiconductor layer, in which ionic atom encapsulated fullerene neutral substance is doped in a layer made of fullerene. The n-type semiconductor layer is an electron transport layer. N-type dopant including ionic atom encapsulated fullerene neutral substance doped in an organic semiconductor layer.

To provide an n-type dopant capable of providing high charge mobility and controlling the Fermi level. To provide an organic semiconductor layer having high charge mobility, no crystal distortion, no dopant diffusion even at high temperatures, and having a controlled Fermi level. To provide an organic semiconductor devices such as an organic semiconductor solar cells with high power conversion efficiency.

An n-type organic semiconductor layer, in which ionic atom encapsulated fullerene neutral substance is doped in a layer made of fullerene. The n-type semiconductor layer is an electron transport layer. N-type dopant including ionic atom encapsulated fullerene neutral substance doped in an organic semiconductor layer.

Provided is a heterofullerene where n number (where n is a positive even number) of carbon atoms constituting a fullerene are substituted by n number of boron atoms or n number of nitrogen atoms.

Provided is a heterofullerene where n number (where n is a positive even number) of carbon atoms constituting a fullerene are substituted by n number of boron atoms or n number of nitrogen atoms.