A film-forming material of the present invention contains an oxyfluoride of yttrium represented by YOF.sub.Y (X and Y are numbers satisfying 0<X and X<Y) and YF.sub.3, wherein a ratio I.sub.2/I.sub.1 of a peak height I.sub.2 of the (020) plane of YF.sub.3 to a peak height I.sub.1 of the main peak of YO.sub.XF.sub.Y as analyzed by XRD is from 0.005 to 100. It is preferable that a ratio I.sub.4/I.sub.1 of a peak height I.sub.4 of the main peak of Y.sub.2O.sub.3 to the peak height I.sub.1 of the main peak of YO.sub.XF.sub.Y as analyzed by XRD is 0.01 or less.

A film-forming material of the present invention contains an oxyfluoride of yttrium represented by YOF.sub.Y (X and Y are numbers satisfying 0<X and X<Y) and YF.sub.3, wherein a ratio I.sub.2/I.sub.1 of a peak height I.sub.2 of the (020) plane of YF.sub.3 to a peak height I.sub.1 of the main peak of YO.sub.XF.sub.Y as analyzed by XRD is from 0.005 to 100. It is preferable that a ratio I.sub.4/I.sub.1 of a peak height I.sub.4 of the main peak of Y.sub.2O.sub.3 to the peak height I.sub.1 of the main peak of YO.sub.XF.sub.Y as analyzed by XRD is 0.01 or less.

The proposed is a manufacturing method for a high-density YF.sub.3 coating layer by high-velocity oxygen fuel spraying (HVOF). More particularly, proposed is a manufacturing method for a high-density YF.sub.3 coating layer by HVOF, in which YF.sub.3 powder is melted and quenched to form densified spherical YF.sub.3 particles and then the YF.sub.3 particles are applied by HVOF to form a high-density YF.sub.3 coating layer with improved mechanical properties and plasma resistance.

The proposed is a manufacturing method for a high-density YF.sub.3 coating layer by high-velocity oxygen fuel spraying (HVOF). More particularly, proposed is a manufacturing method for a high-density YF.sub.3 coating layer by HVOF, in which YF.sub.3 powder is melted and quenched to form densified spherical YF.sub.3 particles and then the YF.sub.3 particles are applied by HVOF to form a high-density YF.sub.3 coating layer with improved mechanical properties and plasma resistance.

Synthesizing upconverting nanoparticles includes heating a precursor solution comprising one or more rare earth salts, an alkali metal salt or alkaline earth salt, and a solvent comprising a plasticizer in a microwave reactor to yield a product mixture, and cooling the product mixture to yield the upconverting nanoparticles. Core-shell upconverting nanoparticles are synthesized by combining the upconverting nanoparticles with a precursor solution comprising one or more rare earth salts, an alkali metal salt or alkaline earth salt, and a solvent comprising a plasticizer to yield a nanoparticle mixture, heating the nanoparticle mixture in a microwave reactor to yield a product mixture, and cooling the product mixture to yield the core-shell upconverting nanoparticles.

Synthesizing upconverting nanoparticles includes heating a precursor solution comprising one or more rare earth salts, an alkali metal salt or alkaline earth salt, and a solvent comprising a plasticizer in a microwave reactor to yield a product mixture, and cooling the product mixture to yield the upconverting nanoparticles. Core-shell upconverting nanoparticles are synthesized by combining the upconverting nanoparticles with a precursor solution comprising one or more rare earth salts, an alkali metal salt or alkaline earth salt, and a solvent comprising a plasticizer to yield a nanoparticle mixture, heating the nanoparticle mixture in a microwave reactor to yield a product mixture, and cooling the product mixture to yield the core-shell upconverting nanoparticles.

An yttrium oxyfluoride sprayed coating contains Y.sub.5O.sub.4F.sub.7 as a main component. In the yttrium oxyfluoride sprayed coating, when the total intensity of all peaks attributable to yttrium oxyfluoride in a diffraction spectrum obtained by X-ray diffractometry is assumed to be 100, the total intensity of all peaks attributable to yttrium fluoride and yttrium oxide is less than 10. Furthermore, in an yttrium oxyfluoride-containing sprayed coating, when the total intensity of all peaks attributable to yttrium oxyfluoride and yttrium fluoride in a diffraction spectrum obtained by X-ray diffractometry is assumed to be 100, the total intensity of all peaks attributable to yttrium oxide is less than 1.

Methods of forming nanoceramic materials and components. The methods may include performing atomic layer deposition to form a plurality of nanoparticles, including forming a thin film coating over core particles, or sintering the nanoparticles in a mold. The nanoparticles can include a first material selected from a rare earth metal-containing oxide, a rare earth metal-containing fluoride, a rare earth metal-containing oxyfluoride or combinations thereof.

Methods of forming nanoceramic materials and components. The methods may include performing atomic layer deposition to form a plurality of nanoparticles, including forming a thin film coating over core particles, or sintering the nanoparticles in a mold. The nanoparticles can include a first material selected from a rare earth metal-containing oxide, a rare earth metal-containing fluoride, a rare earth metal-containing oxyfluoride or combinations thereof.

The patent relates to para amino benzoic acid (pABA) sensitized terbium (Tb.sup.3+) doped spherical LaF.sub.3 nanoparticles used for detection of nitro group containing compounds using the terbium (Tb.sup.3+) doped spherical LaF.sub.3 nanoparticles sensitized by para amino benzoic acid (pABA).