Methods of detecting an aldehyde-containing compound in a subject or in a sample from a subject are described herein, comprising administering an aldehyde-binding compound of Formula I to the subject, or combining such a compound with the sample; and detecting the product of the compound of Formula I and the aldehyde-containing compound. Detection of the product may involve imaging, such as MRI, CEST-MRI or positron emission tomography (PET) imaging; or may involve fluorescence or an electrochemical detection method. Biologically relevant aldehydes detected according to the described method can be used to monitor conditions such as brain injury, neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease, diabetes, heart disease, and cancer. ##STR00001##

Methods of detecting an aldehyde-containing compound in a subject or in a sample from a subject are described herein, comprising administering an aldehyde-binding compound of Formula I to the subject, or combining such a compound with the sample; and detecting the product of the compound of Formula I and the aldehyde-containing compound. Detection of the product may involve imaging, such as MRI, CEST-MRI or positron emission tomography (PET) imaging; or may involve fluorescence or an electrochemical detection method. Biologically relevant aldehydes detected according to the described method can be used to monitor conditions such as brain injury, neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease, diabetes, heart disease, and cancer. ##STR00001##

A nonlinear optical material is represented by the following formula (1).

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The present invention discloses a N,N,N′,N′-tetradodecyl-substituted diphenyl ether sulfonate anionic Gemini surfactant and the synthesis method thereof. It has a structural formula of: ##STR00001## and is prepared in a two-step reaction comprising: S1. subjecting 4,4′-diaminodiphenyl ether and bromododecane to an amine alkylation reaction to obtain N,N,N′,N′-tetradodecyl-substituted diphenyl ether; and S2. sulfonating the N,N,N′,N′-tetradodecyl-substituted diphenyl ether with concentrated sulfuric acid to produce the target product, N,N,N′,N′-tetradodecyl-substituted diphenyl ether sulfonate. The surfactant of the present invention has a high surface activity and can be synthesized with a simple procedure under mild reaction conditions, and can be easily separated and purified. The surfactant of the present invention is promising in applications for alkaline/surfactant in tertiary oil recovery, for polymer/surfactant binary compound flooding, alkaline/surfactant/polymer tertiary compound flooding, microemulsion emulsifier, and the like, and may also be compounded with common surfactants to lower the cost, thereby enabling its application in a large scale.

The present invention relates to novel lignin-derived compounds and compositions comprising the same and their use as redox flow battery electrolytes. The invention further provides a method for preparing said compounds and compositions as well as a redox flow battery comprising said compounds and compositions. Additionally, an assembly for carrying out the inventive method is provided.

The present invention relates to novel lignin-derived compounds and compositions comprising the same and their use as redox flow battery electrolytes. The invention further provides a method for preparing said compounds and compositions as well as a redox flow battery comprising said compounds and compositions. Additionally, an assembly for carrying out the inventive method is provided.

A method for simultaneously preparing an iron oxide red pigment and an aromatic amine is provided. In the method, an aromatic nitro compound and ferrous iron are first used to prepare an iron oxide red seed crystal under the action of a catalyst, and then iron powder is used to reduce the aromatic nitro compound and generate iron oxide in situ which grows into iron oxide red with pigment performance on the seed crystal. The method provides a clean and economical way for the reduction of an aromatic nitro compound (especially those in which there are other easily-reduced substituents on an aromatic ring) to prepare an aromatic amine.

A method for simultaneously preparing an iron oxide red pigment and an aromatic amine is provided. In the method, an aromatic nitro compound and ferrous iron are first used to prepare an iron oxide red seed crystal under the action of a catalyst, and then iron powder is used to reduce the aromatic nitro compound and generate iron oxide in situ which grows into iron oxide red with pigment performance on the seed crystal. The method provides a clean and economical way for the reduction of an aromatic nitro compound (especially those in which there are other easily-reduced substituents on an aromatic ring) to prepare an aromatic amine.

A compound is represented by the following formula (1).

##STR00001##

In the compound represented by Formula (1), at least one of R.sub.1 to R.sub.24 is a group particularly high electron withdrawing property, such as a sulfonic acid group and a carboxylic acid group or a group having the next highest electron withdrawing property to the sulfonic acid group and the carboxylic acid group, such as a halogen atom.

A compound is represented by the following formula (1).

##STR00001##

In the compound represented by Formula (1), at least one of R.sub.1 to R.sub.24 is a group particularly high electron withdrawing property, such as a sulfonic acid group and a carboxylic acid group or a group having the next highest electron withdrawing property to the sulfonic acid group and the carboxylic acid group, such as a halogen atom.