The present disclosure relates to a heterocyclic compound represented by formula (1), (2) or (3), or a salt thereof. The present disclosure also relates to an active material containing at least one heterocyclic compound or a salt thereof described above, an electrolytic solution containing the active material, and a redox flow battery including the electrolytic solution.

The present invention relates to compounds suitable for treating, ameliorating and/or preventing neuromuscular disorders, including the reversal of drug-induced neuromuscular blockade. The compounds as defined herein preferably inhibit the CIC-1 ion channel. The compounds include phenoxy propanoic acid, phenoxy propanoate, and phenoxy butanoate compounds.

The present invention relates to compounds suitable for treating, ameliorating and/or preventing neuromuscular disorders, including the reversal of drug-induced neuromuscular blockade. The compounds as defined herein preferably inhibit the CIC-1 ion channel. The compounds include phenoxy propanoic acid, phenoxy propanoate, and phenoxy butanoate compounds.

A method for producing 2,2′-bis(carboxymethoxy)-1,1′-binaphthyl includes performing steps (i) to (iv) below in sequence using a 2,2′-bis(alkoxycarbonylmethoxy)-1,1′-binaphthyl as a starting material: (i) a hydrolysis reaction step, (ii) a step of distilling off a resulting alcohol represented by formula (3) above from a reaction system, (iii) a step of acidifying a reaction solution, and (iv) a step of precipitating 2,2′-bis(carboxymethoxy)-1,1′-binaphthyl in the presence of an organic solvent.

A method for producing 2,2′-bis(carboxymethoxy)-1,1′-binaphthyl includes performing steps (i) to (iv) below in sequence using a 2,2′-bis(alkoxycarbonylmethoxy)-1,1′-binaphthyl as a starting material: (i) a hydrolysis reaction step, (ii) a step of distilling off a resulting alcohol represented by formula (3) above from a reaction system, (iii) a step of acidifying a reaction solution, and (iv) a step of precipitating 2,2′-bis(carboxymethoxy)-1,1′-binaphthyl in the presence of an organic solvent.

A method for producing 2,2′-bis(carboxymethoxy)-1,1′-binaphthyl includes a separation step of separating a metal salt of 2,2′-bis(carboxymethoxy)-1,1′-binaphthyl from a reaction mixture by solid-liquid separation. In the method, a 2,2′-bis(alkoxycarbonylmethoxy)-1,1′-binaphthyl is used as a starting material.

A method for producing 2,2′-bis(carboxymethoxy)-1,1′-binaphthyl includes a separation step of separating a metal salt of 2,2′-bis(carboxymethoxy)-1,1′-binaphthyl from a reaction mixture by solid-liquid separation. In the method, a 2,2′-bis(alkoxycarbonylmethoxy)-1,1′-binaphthyl is used as a starting material.

An organic compound, a three-dimensional organic structure formed by using the organic compound, a separation sieve and an optical layer having the organic structure, and an optical device having the optical layer as an optical amplification layer are provided. The organic structure includes a plurality of organic molecules self-assembled by non-covalent bonding. Each of the unit organic molecules has an aromatic ring, a first pair of substituents being connected to immediately adjacent positions of substitutable positions of the aromatic ring, and a second pair of substituents being connected to immediately adjacent positions of remaining substitutable positions of the aromatic ring. The unit organic molecules are self-assembled by van der Waals interaction, London dispersion interaction or hydrogen bonding between the first and the second pairs of the substituents and by pi-pi interactions between the aromatic rings.

An organic compound, a three-dimensional organic structure formed by using the organic compound, a separation sieve and an optical layer having the organic structure, and an optical device having the optical layer as an optical amplification layer are provided. The organic structure includes a plurality of organic molecules self-assembled by non-covalent bonding. Each of the unit organic molecules has an aromatic ring, a first pair of substituents being connected to immediately adjacent positions of substitutable positions of the aromatic ring, and a second pair of substituents being connected to immediately adjacent positions of remaining substitutable positions of the aromatic ring. The unit organic molecules are self-assembled by van der Waals interaction, London dispersion interaction or hydrogen bonding between the first and the second pairs of the substituents and by pi-pi interactions between the aromatic rings.

The invention provides efficient cyclization processes of hydroxyalkenoic acids and products produced therefrom. The following reactions are claimed: Formula (I), (II), (V) and (VI). ##STR00001##