A method of coating a substrate includes adding ion erosion resistant particles, conductive particles, and a binder to an electrophoretic solution in an electrophoretic deposition apparatus including the substrate and a cathode spaced from the substrate. A current is applied to the substrate and cathode to deposit a first layer coating including the erosion resistant particles, the conductive particles, and the binder onto the substrate. The method further includes adding a low work function material to an electrolyte solution in an electrolytic deposition apparatus including the substrate and a cathode spaced from the substrate. A current is applied to the substrate and the cathode to deposit a second layer coating including the low work function material onto the substrate.

A thermoelectric conversion material containing an electrically conductive material (A) and an organic compound (B) that are in a relationship satisfying the following formula (1): 0 eV≤|(HOMO of the organic compound (B))−(HOMO of the electrically conductive material (A))|≤1.64 eV.

A conductive polymeric composition includes, based on a total weight of the conductive polymeric composition, 0.1 wt % to 10 wt % of carbon nanotubes, 0.2 wt % to 4 wt % of a first component, 0.1 wt % to 4 wt % of a second component made by esterification of a C.sub.16-C.sub.30 fatty acid with a polyol compound, and the balance being a polymeric component. When the first component is a first polymer obtained from polycondensation of an aromatic diacid compound and an aliphatic glycol compound, the polymeric component is a polyester. When the first component is a second polymer obtained from polycondensation of a lactam compound, a diamine compound and a dicarboxylic acid compound, the polymeric component is a polyamide.

A conductive polymeric composition includes, based on a total weight of the conductive polymeric composition, 0.1 wt % to 10 wt % of carbon nanotubes, 0.2 wt % to 4 wt % of a first component, 0.1 wt % to 4 wt % of a second component made by esterification of a C.sub.16-C.sub.30 fatty acid with a polyol compound, and the balance being a polymeric component. When the first component is a first polymer obtained from polycondensation of an aromatic diacid compound and an aliphatic glycol compound, the polymeric component is a polyester. When the first component is a second polymer obtained from polycondensation of a lactam compound, a diamine compound and a dicarboxylic acid compound, the polymeric component is a polyamide.

A soft conductive composition can include: a crosslinked silicone composition; and single-walled or multi-walled carbon nanotubes in the silicone composition. A neural probe or other implant can include the soft conducive composition on a least a portion of the implant body. A method of making an implant can include: selecting PDMS precursors; cross-linking the PDMS precursor to obtain an elastic modulus of about 3-9 kPa or +/−1%, 5%, 10%, 20%, or 50%; selecting the carbon nanotubes; introducing the carbon nanotubes into the crosslinked PDMS to form a soft conductive composite composition; and coating the soft conductive composite composition onto at least a portion of an implant. A method of measuring properties at a neural interface can include: providing a neural probe having a soft conductive composition; implanting the neural probe having the soft conductive composition at a neural interface; and measuring a property with the neural probe.

A soft conductive composition can include: a crosslinked silicone composition; and single-walled or multi-walled carbon nanotubes in the silicone composition. A neural probe or other implant can include the soft conducive composition on a least a portion of the implant body. A method of making an implant can include: selecting PDMS precursors; cross-linking the PDMS precursor to obtain an elastic modulus of about 3-9 kPa or +/−1%, 5%, 10%, 20%, or 50%; selecting the carbon nanotubes; introducing the carbon nanotubes into the crosslinked PDMS to form a soft conductive composite composition; and coating the soft conductive composite composition onto at least a portion of an implant. A method of measuring properties at a neural interface can include: providing a neural probe having a soft conductive composition; implanting the neural probe having the soft conductive composition at a neural interface; and measuring a property with the neural probe.

A method for forming a golf ball with a graphene core disclosed herein. The method includes mixing a graphene masterbatch material with a polybutadiene material to form a core mixture, wherein the graphene masterbatch material comprises graphene in an amount from 0.1 to 80.0 weight percent of the graphene masterbatch material mixed with a carrier polymer in an amount from 99.9 to 20 weight percent of the graphene masterbatch material.

A method for forming a golf ball with a graphene core disclosed herein. The method includes mixing a graphene masterbatch material with a polybutadiene material to form a core mixture, wherein the graphene masterbatch material comprises graphene in an amount from 0.1 to 80.0 weight percent of the graphene masterbatch material mixed with a carrier polymer in an amount from 99.9 to 20 weight percent of the graphene masterbatch material.

Embodiments of the present invention include composite compositions extrusion compounded together comprising a polymer, an amount of nanotubes, and an amount of finely milled carbon fiber having an aspect ratio greater than 1 and less than about 5. The resulting composite materials allow for high carbon loading levels with improved tribological properties including coefficient of friction and wear rates, provides uniform surface resistance with minimal processing sensitivity, retains rheological properties similar to the base resin, and provides isotropic shrink and a reduced coefficient of thermal expansion leading to minimal warp. In general, various articles can be formed that take advantage of the properties of the composite materials incorporating a polymer, carbon nanotubes and finely milled carbon fiber.

Embodiments of the present invention include composite compositions extrusion compounded together comprising a polymer, an amount of nanotubes, and an amount of finely milled carbon fiber having an aspect ratio greater than 1 and less than about 5. The resulting composite materials allow for high carbon loading levels with improved tribological properties including coefficient of friction and wear rates, provides uniform surface resistance with minimal processing sensitivity, retains rheological properties similar to the base resin, and provides isotropic shrink and a reduced coefficient of thermal expansion leading to minimal warp. In general, various articles can be formed that take advantage of the properties of the composite materials incorporating a polymer, carbon nanotubes and finely milled carbon fiber.