A method for translocation of a peptide through a nanopore, wherein the method comprises translocating the peptide in the presence of an oligonucleotide translocase, wherein the peptide is comprised by a peptide-oligonucleotide complex, wherein the peptide is linked to an oligonucleotide, wherein the oligonucleotide translocase is associated to the oligonucleotide during at least part of the translocation.

A method for translocation of a peptide through a nanopore, wherein the method comprises translocating the peptide in the presence of an oligonucleotide translocase, wherein the peptide is comprised by a peptide-oligonucleotide complex, wherein the peptide is linked to an oligonucleotide, wherein the oligonucleotide translocase is associated to the oligonucleotide during at least part of the translocation.

Various aspects of the present disclosure provide methods, apparatus and systems for single-molecule biosensors having nanowire or nanoribbon bridges between electrodes for sequencing and information storage and reading. In various embodiments, the present disclosure provides nanofabrication of biomolecular sensing devices beginning with parallel arrangements of transferable nanowires or nanoribbons, and provides in general methods of manufacturing biosensor devices for sequencing DNA or RNA and analyzing biomolecules.

The present invention relates to methods of diagnosing Alzheimer's Disease in a human patient by detecting alterations in the ratio of PKC epsilon protein levels in a human patient compared with PKC epsilon levels in a control subject. The Alzheimer's disease-specific molecular biomarkers disclosed herein are useful for the diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease and for screening methods for the identification of compounds for treating or preventing Alzheimer's disease. The present invention also provides methods for elevating PKC epsilon protein levels comprising the steps of contacting one or more human cells with an amount of a PKC activator effective to elevate PKC epsilon levels compared to an uncontacted human cell.

Provided are SpdE polypeptides and variants and nucleic acids encoding the SpdE polypeptides and variants. Also provided are vectors including one or more nucleic acids encoding a SpdE polypeptide or variant and cells including a nucleic acid encoding the SpdE polypeptide or variant, as well as cells expressing a SpdE polypeptide or variant and compositions including such cells and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. Finally, methods of detecting presence and/or amount of one or more amino acids in a sample are provided. The methods include contacting the sample with a SpdE protein, measuring diguanylate cyclase activity of the SpdE protein; and comparing the diguanylate cyclase activity of the SpdE protein to a control. The methods can utilize isolated SpdE protein or a cell expressing a SpdE protein.

The present invention relates to methods for producing plants with increased fungal resistance, preferably seedling resistance against Northern Corn Leaf Blight. Further provided are methods for introducing, modifying, or modulating at least one wall-associated kinase (WAK) in(to) a plant cell, tissue, organ, or whole plant and thereby causing a reduced synthesis of benzoxazinoid and in turn increased fungal resistance. There are further provided methods to identify and/or modify downstream effector molecules in a WAK signalling cascade. Finally, plant cells, tissues, organs or whole plants having increased fungal resistance and methods using substances to activate signalling pathways in a targeted way are provided. The present invention thus relates to WAKs as master regulators and crucial signaling mediators in plant defense against fungal disease and the regulation and cross-talk mechanisms in the WAK signaling cascade and further gives examples for establishing novel anti-fungal strategies relevant for a series of crop plants.

The present invention includes a method for analyzing reactions. The method includes the steps of providing a solution of at least one acceptor chemical and at least one donor chemical. The donor chemical is capable of donating a chemical moiety to the acceptor chemical. The solution further includes at least one controller chemical that affects the reaction between the donor chemical and the acceptor chemical. The solution is then incubated so that a portion of the acceptor chemical reacts with the donor chemical to form an acceptor product. Unreacted donor chemical is separated from the acceptor product. The acceptor product or the donor chemical is then measured using X-ray fluorescence. Another aspect of the present invention includes a method for analyzing protein function. The method includes the steps of providing a solution of at least one acceptor chemical and at least one donor chemical. The donor chemical is capable of donating a chemical moiety to the acceptor chemical. The donor chemical includes a functional group selected from ester, anhydride, imide, acyl halide, and amide. The solution is then incubated so that a portion of the acceptor chemical reacts with the donor chemical to form an acceptor product. Unreacted donor chemical is separated from the acceptor product. The acceptor product or the donor chemical is then measured using X-ray fluorescence. Yet another aspect of the present invention includes a method for analyzing protein function. The method includes the steps of providing a solution of at least one acceptor chemical and at least one donor chemical. The solution is then incubated so that a portion of the acceptor chemical reacts with the donor chemical to form an acceptor product. Unreacted donor chemical is separated from the acceptor product. The acceptor product or the donor chemical is then measured using X-ray fluorescence. An additional analytical method is also used to measure either the acceptor product or the donor chemical.

Provided herein is a reverse transcriptase mixture comprising a reverse transcriptase and a colored dye at a concentration in the range of 0.003%-1% (v/w). The colored dye may be visually observed during transfer of the mix from one vessel to another and addition of the mix to another mix can be confirmed by eye by observing the colored dye.

Provided herein is a reverse transcriptase mixture comprising a reverse transcriptase and a colored dye at a concentration in the range of 0.003%-1% (v/w). The colored dye may be visually observed during transfer of the mix from one vessel to another and addition of the mix to another mix can be confirmed by eye by observing the colored dye.

Methods and kits are disclosed for measuring activity of a methyltransferase or a radical SAM enzyme or for screening for an inhibitor of a methyltransferase or a radical SAM enzyme, where the methods and kits comprise, respectively, deaminase TM0936 for a MTase coupled assay and deaminase PA3170 for a radical SAM coupled assay.