A method for manufacturing molten iron by melting a cold iron source in an electric arc furnace having a carbonaceous material-injecting device. The method includes, in the carbonaceous material-injecting device, while a carbonaceous material is injected with a carrier gas through a central portion of the carbonaceous material-injecting device, injecting a fuel and a combustion-supporting gas through respective outer peripheral portions of the carbonaceous material-injecting device. The carbonaceous material injected through the central portion passes through a cylindrical combustion flame generated by a combustion reaction between the fuel and the combustion-supporting gas and is injected into molten slag and molten iron.

The invention relates to a method for extracting metal from metal-containing raw material in a batch process by using a direct current electric arc furnace (100) having one or more than one top electrode (125) and at least one bottom electrode (115), wherein the method comprises the following steps: adding the metal-containing raw material to the furnace (100), thereby obtaining a loaded bath, moving the top electrode(s) (125) onto the raw material, heating the loaded bath in a heating step by applying direct current through the top electrode(s) to provide an arc to melt the raw material, thereby obtaining molten metal (202), wherein an average voltage during the heating step is from 20 V to 110 V, and forming solid metal from the molten metal (202). The invention further relates to a direct current electric arc furnace, a system comprising a direct current electric arc furnace, and a solid metal obtainable by the method.

Method to produce a polymeric product starting from a primary heterogeneous mixture comprising polymeric material, comprising fragmentation into desired sizing, mechanical primary selection of the fragmented material and plastification, obtaining a densified material which is then subjected to quenching.

In some variations, the invention provides a biocarbon pellet comprising: 35 wt % to 99 wt % of a biogenic reagent, wherein the biogenic reagent comprises, on a dry basis, at least 60 wt % carbon; 0 wt % to 35 wt % water moisture; and 1 wt % to 30 wt % of a binder, wherein the biocarbon pellet is characterized by an adjustable Hardgrove Grindability Index (HGI) from about 30 to about 120, as shown in the Examples. The pellet HGI is adjustable by controlling process conditions and the pellet binder. The binder can be an organic binder or an inorganic binder. The carbon is renewable as determined from a measurement of the .sup.14C/.sup.12C isotopic ratio. Many processes of making and using the biocarbon pellets are described. Applications of the biocarbon pellets include pulverized coal boilers, furnaces for making metals such as iron or silicon, and gasifiers for producing reducing gas.

A charged material containing alloy iron of at least one of ferrochrome containing metallic Si or ferrosilicon, and unreduced slag containing Cr oxide generated by oxidative refining, is charged into an electric furnace as a mixture in which a mass ratio of a metallic Si amount to a Cr oxide amount is from 0.30 to 0.40, and a C concentration is in a range of from 2.0% by mass to a saturation concentration, and molten iron containing Cr obtained due to the Cr oxide undergoing reduction processing is produced, such that, when the charged material is heated and melted in the electric furnace, an attainment temperature is set to from 1400° C. to 1700° C., a maximum average heating rate in any 80° C. interval from 1300° C. to the attainment temperature is set to 15.0° C./min or less, and a minimum average heating rate in any 80° C. interval from 1300° C. to the attainment temperature is set to 3.0° C./min or greater.

In some variations, the invention provides a biocarbon pellet comprising: 35 wt % to 99 wt % of a biogenic reagent, wherein the biogenic reagent comprises, on a dry basis, at least 60 wt % carbon; 0 wt % to 35 wt % water moisture; and 1 wt % to 30 wt % of a binder, wherein the biocarbon pellet is characterized by an adjustable Hardgrove Grindability Index (HGI) from about 30 to about 120, as shown in the Examples. The pellet HGI is adjustable by controlling process conditions and the pellet binder. The binder can be an organic binder or an inorganic binder. The carbon is renewable as determined from a measurement of the .sup.14C/.sup.12C isotopic ratio. Many processes of making and using the biocarbon pellets are described. Applications of the biocarbon pellets include pulverized coal boilers, furnaces for making metals such as iron or silicon, and gasifiers for producing reducing gas.

In some variations, the invention provides a biocarbon pellet comprising: 35 wt % to 99 wt % of a biogenic reagent, wherein the biogenic reagent comprises, on a dry basis, at least 60 wt % carbon; 0 wt % to 35 wt % water moisture; and 1 wt % to 30 wt % of a binder, wherein the biocarbon pellet is characterized by an adjustable Hardgrove Grindability Index (HGI) from about 30 to about 120, as shown in the Examples. The pellet HGI is adjustable by controlling process conditions and the pellet binder. The binder can be an organic binder or an inorganic binder. The carbon is renewable as determined from a measurement of the .sup.14C/.sup.12C isotopic ratio. Many processes of making and using the biocarbon pellets are described. Applications of the biocarbon pellets include pulverized coal boilers, furnaces for making metals such as iron or silicon, and gasifiers for producing reducing gas.

A production method for smelting clean steel from full-scrap steel using duplex electric arc furnaces. Electric arc furnaces located in two positions are connected in series, wherein the electric arc furnace in a first position is dephosphorization electric arc furnace, and the electric arc furnace in a second position is a decarbonization electric arc furnace. The production method includes: performing smelting by combining a decarbonization electric arc furnace and 1-3 dephosphorization electric arc furnaces; a specific process of performing the smelting includes: in a charging period of the 1-3 dephosphorization electric arc furnaces, adding the full-scrap steel for the smelting, lime, slag in the decarbonization electric arc furnace, auxiliary materials and carbon powder or a carbon block into the dephosphorization electric arc furnace.

Solid agglomerated product, such as a briquette (B), which can be used as charge material for an electric arc furnace, comprising at least one by-product fraction (M; M1, M2, M3) deriving from a steel plant and comprising a first part containing ferrous oxide FeO and a second part containing ferric oxide Fe.sub.2O.sub.3, a solid fuel fraction (CR) containing a quantity of carbon (C_fix) and at least one inorganic binder to agglomerate a by-product fraction (M; M1, M2, M3) and the solid fuel fraction (CR) together and give the required mechanical properties to the agglomerate.

A production method for smelting clean steel from full-scrap steel using duplex electric arc furnaces, which belongs to the field of electric arc furnace steelmaking. This method makes electric arc furnaces located in two positions be connected in series, wherein the electric arc furnace in a first position is dephosphorization electric arc furnace, and the electric arc furnace in a second position is decarbonization electric arc furnace.