A device for a wheel-end system includes a component that defines a rotation axis and forms (i) a pocket extending axially downward from a top face of the component and (ii) a shaft extending axially downward from the top face and laterally adjacent to the pocket. The shaft is partially open to the pocket. A spring-loaded indicator is located in the shaft. The threaded fastener also includes a bimetallic strip located partially in the pocket and extending laterally into the shaft. The bimetallic strip has a movable end that axially restrains the spring-loaded indicator while a temperature of the nut is below a threshold temperature. The bimetallic strip, in response to the temperature exceeding the threshold temperature, laterally deflects the movable end to release the spring-loaded indicator. The component may be an axle nut, wheel hub, spacer, or hub cap.

A device for a wheel-end system includes a component that defines a rotation axis and forms (i) a pocket extending axially downward from a top face of the component and (ii) a shaft extending axially downward from the top face and laterally adjacent to the pocket. The shaft is partially open to the pocket. A spring-loaded indicator is located in the shaft. The threaded fastener also includes a bimetallic strip located partially in the pocket and extending laterally into the shaft. The bimetallic strip has a movable end that axially restrains the spring-loaded indicator while a temperature of the nut is below a threshold temperature. The bimetallic strip, in response to the temperature exceeding the threshold temperature, laterally deflects the movable end to release the spring-loaded indicator. The component may be an axle nut, wheel hub, spacer, or hub cap.

A nanoscale temperature sensor is presented that is based on mechano-optical sensing. The temperature sensor features a nanoscale bilayer sensing member with a footprint of <100 nm. The sensing member is composed of two layers of materials with similar elastic modulus but different coefficients of thermal expansion. This difference in coefficients of thermal expansion causes the sensing member to mechanically deform upon temperature change. The deformation of the sensing member alters its optical properties, allowing the temperature measurement to be achieved by far field imaging with high throughput. Both the mechanical and optical properties of the sensing member are reversible thus allow stable and repeatable measurement.

A nanoscale temperature sensor is presented that is based on mechano-optical sensing. The temperature sensor features a nanoscale bilayer sensing member with a footprint of <100 nm. The sensing member is composed of two layers of materials with similar elastic modulus but different coefficients of thermal expansion. This difference in coefficients of thermal expansion causes the sensing member to mechanically deform upon temperature change. The deformation of the sensing member alters its optical properties, allowing the temperature measurement to be achieved by far field imaging with high throughput. Both the mechanical and optical properties of the sensing member are reversible thus allow stable and repeatable measurement.

An integrated fault monitoring apparatus for electrical devices has an internal fault detector for detecting transient pressure surges within the electrical device, a pressure relief valve for allowing release of pressure during normal operating conditions of the electrical device, a temperature indicator for indicating that an operating temperature of the electrical device has gone above a predetermined threshold, and/or a sudden pressure relief device for allowing air to escape from the electrical device in the event of a sudden and significant increase in pressure within the electrical device. Methods of using the apparatus are provided.

An integrated fault monitoring apparatus for electrical devices has an internal fault detector for detecting transient pressure surges within the electrical device, a pressure relief valve for allowing release of pressure during normal operating conditions of the electrical device, a temperature indicator for indicating that an operating temperature of the electrical device has gone above a predetermined threshold, and/or a sudden pressure relief device for allowing air to escape from the electrical device in the event of a sudden and significant increase in pressure within the electrical device. Methods of using the apparatus are provided.

An integrated fault monitoring apparatus for electrical devices has an internal fault detector for detecting transient pressure surges within the electrical device, a pressure relief valve for allowing release of pressure during normal operating conditions of the electrical device, a temperature indicator for indicating that an operating temperature of the electrical device has gone above a predetermined threshold, and/or a sudden pressure relief device for allowing air to escape from the electrical device in the event of a sudden and significant increase in pressure within the electrical device. Methods of using the apparatus are provided.

An integrated fault monitoring apparatus for electrical devices has an internal fault detector for detecting transient pressure surges within the electrical device, a pressure relief valve for allowing release of pressure during normal operating conditions of the electrical device, a temperature indicator for indicating that an operating temperature of the electrical device has gone above a predetermined threshold, and/or a sudden pressure relief device for allowing air to escape from the electrical device in the event of a sudden and significant increase in pressure within the electrical device. Methods of using the apparatus are provided.

An integrated fault monitoring apparatus for electrical devices has an internal fault detector for detecting transient pressure surges within the electrical device, a pressure relief valve for allowing release of pressure during normal operating conditions of the electrical device, a temperature indicator for indicating that an operating temperature of the electrical device has gone above a predetermined threshold, and/or a sudden pressure relief device for allowing air to escape from the electrical device in the event of a sudden and significant increase in pressure within the electrical device. Methods of using the apparatus are provided.

An integrated fault monitoring apparatus for electrical devices has an internal fault detector for detecting transient pressure surges within the electrical device, a pressure relief valve for allowing release of pressure during normal operating conditions of the electrical device, a temperature indicator for indicating that an operating temperature of the electrical device has gone above a predetermined threshold, and/or a sudden pressure relief device for allowing air to escape from the electrical device in the event of a sudden and significant increase in pressure within the electrical device. Methods of using the apparatus are provided.