Contact-force-sensing systems that can provide additional information about the forces that are applied by catheters and other devices to cell walls and other surfaces. One example can provide directional information for a contact-force-sensing system. For example, magnitude, plane angle, and off-plane angle information can be provided by a contact-force-sensing system. Another example can provide guiding functionality for a contact-force-sensing system. For example, a contact-force-sensing system can provide tactile response to a surgeon or operator to allow a device to be accurately guided though a body.

Combining several capillary tubes in one depth gauge, which measure the depth in different ranges, will allow obtaining a measuring scale close to linear and eliminate the main disadvantage of a capillary depth gauge.

Systems and methods for pressure measurement are provided. A ludion with a trapped gas bubble floats between two liquids. Pressure acting upon the liquids causes the bubble to expand or contract, resulting in movement of the ludion which can be measured and correlated with pressure change. Pressure measuring device can measure pressures from 0.05 inHg to 110 inHg with a four-to-one Test Accuracy Ratio (TAR) without using mercury.

Combining several capillary tubes in one depth gauge, which measure the depth in different ranges, will allow obtaining a measuring scale close to linear and eliminate the main disadvantage of a capillary depth gauge.

Systems and methods for pressure measurement are provided. A ludion with a trapped gas bubble floats between two liquids. Pressure acting upon the liquids causes the bubble to expand or contract, resulting in movement of the ludion which can be measured and correlated with pressure change. Pressure measuring device can measure pressures from 0.05 inHg to 110 inHg with a four-to-one Test Accuracy Ratio (TAR) without using mercury.

Contact-force-sensing systems that can provide additional information about the forces that are applied by catheters and other devices to cell walls and other surfaces. One example can provide directional information for a contact-force-sensing system. For example, magnitude, plane angle, and off-plane angle information can be provided by a contact-force-sensing system. Another example can provide guiding functionality for a contact-force-sensing system. For example, a contact-force-sensing system can provide tactile response to a surgeon or operator to allow a device to be accurately guided though a body.

A pressure detection module includes a pressure joint. A force sensitive component of the module is connected to one end of the pressure joint. A strain gauge in attached to a surface of the force sensitive component. An electrical connector of the module has a seat and a pin that passes therethrough. An electrical connection board electrically connects the pin to the strain gauge. An end cap of the module includes a peripheral wall, an end wall, and an opening opposite to the end wall, the force sensitive component and the electrical connection board are accommodated in an inner cavity thereof. One end of the pressure joint is welded to the open end of the end cap. A socket is formed in the end wall of the end cap, and the seat is inserted into the socket and welded to the end wall.