Apparatus and methods for spectral analysis of a sample are described, for example for carrying out Raman or other optical or spectroscopic analysis of samples such as pharmaceutical dosage forms, including oral solid dosage forms such as tablets or capsules. Such apparatus may comprise delivery optics arranged to direct probe light to a delivery region of the sample, collection optics arranged to collect probe light scattered from a collection region of the sample, and a spectrometer having an entrance port, the spectrometer being arranged to receive the collected probe light from the collection optics at the entrance port of the spectrometer, and to detect spectral features in the received probe light. In particular, the collection optics may comprise Koehler integration optics arranged to process the collected probe light such that the collected light from each point of the collection region is distributed across the entrance port of the spectrometer.

According to an embodiment of the disclosure, a device for measuring a turbidity of a solution containing fine particles comprises a laser module emitting a laser beam of a predetermined wavelength band, a coupler outputting the laser beam along a first laser path and a second laser path divided from each other, a probe outputting the laser beam output along the first laser path to a container containing the solution, a light receiving element receiving, through the first laser path, the laser beam reflected or scattered by the fine particles in the solution and detecting the received laser beam, and a controller calculating the turbidity based on a strength of the laser beam detected by the light receiving element.

An identification system (1) includes a transmitter (131) for transmitting pulsed light via an optical fiber (10); a receiver (132) for receiving backscattering light of the pulsed light from the optical fiber (10); a detector (133) for detecting, from the backscattering light, the condition of environment surrounding the optical fiber (10); and an identifier (320) for identifying sagging of the optical fiber (10) from a detection result by the detector (133).

The subject of the invention is a device for non-invasive blood glucose concentration measurement, comprising a central control system (4), a scattering module (1) and an electronic control system (2) of the scattering module (1) connected to it. The electronic control system (2) of the scattering module (1) is connected to the central control system (4). The scattering module (1) comprises a detection element (28) and a coherent radiation source (14) connected to the control system of the coherent radiation source (13). The device is characterized in that it further comprises a transmission module (7) and an electronic control system (8) of the transmission module (7) connected to it, connected to the central control system (4). The device further comprises a proximity sensor (12), connected to the central control system (4). The device comprises an optical fiber probe (11) comprising an emitting optical fiber (15) and a measuring optical fiber (18). The emitting optical fiber (15) is connected to a coherent radiation source (14). The measuring optical fiber (18) is connected to a detection element (28). The emitting optical fiber (15) and the measuring optical fiber (18) are parallel to each other within the optical fiber probe (11). The emitting optical fiber (15) and the measuring optical fiber (18) have a numerical aperture larger or equal to 0.5.

The methods, apparatuses, computer-readable media, and systems described enable regions of electromagnetic spectra that may distinguish different biological specimens to be determined. Regions of electromagnetic spectra that distinguish known biological specimens then become candidates for methods to classify unknown specimens and/or make a medical diagnosis. A fraction-product, determined from two arrays associated with two groups, may be used to determine optimal discriminants for the two groups given numerical measurements of particular properties of the members of both groups.

An exemplary catheter can be provided, which can include, for example a source fiber(s) configured to (i) receive a near infrared spectroscopic (NIRS) radiation, and (ii) provide the NIRS radiation to a portion(s) of a sample(s), a detection fiber(s) configured to receive a return radiation from the sample(s) that can be based on the NIRS radiation that was provided to the portion(s) of the sample(s), and an ablation electrode(s) configured to ablate the sample(s) based on the return radiation. The source fiber(s), the detection fiber(s), and the ablation electrode(s) can be integrated into the single sheath. The ablation electrode(s) can be a radiofrequency ablation electrode.

A grain-component sensor comprises a white LED for emitting a white light as a light emission source, a sample holder in which a sample is filled, a spectroscope for receiving a reflected light from the sample and performing a spectroscopic analysis, and as optical filter provided on an optical path between the white LED and the sample holder, the optical filter has an optical characteristic that is a transmittance of substantially 100% in a wavelength band from 950 nm to 1100 nm and cuts a light in a visible light region to substantially 0%, a light emitted from the white LED transmits through the optical filter and is irradiated to the sample as a detection light in a wavelength band from 950 nm to 1100 nm, and a diffused reflected light from the sample is condensed by a condenser lens and is entered the spectroscope.

A single-shot Mueller matrix polarimeter (1700), MMP, comprising: a polarization state generator (1706), PSG, arranged to receive a source optical field (1704) and provide a probe field (1708) having a plurality of spatial portions, each portion having a different polarization state; a polarization state analyser (1718), PSA, arranged to receive a modified probe field (1716) resulting from interaction of the probe field generated by the PSG with a sample under investigation, and further arranged to apply, to each of a corresponding plurality of spatial portions of the modified probe field, a plurality of retardances and a plurality of fast axis orientations; and a detector (1720) arranged to detect an output (1722) of the PSA.

A system, apparatus and method of improved measurement of the SPF factor of sunscreen compositions. In one embodiment, a method of measuring the protection of a sunscreen composition includes exposing skin to a known intensity of light, measuring the amount of remitted light from the skin, applying sunscreen to the skin, exposing the skin to which the sunscreen has been applied the known intensity of emitted light of the spectrum of light from which the sunscreen is intended to protect the skin, measuring the amount of light remitted from the skin, and calculating a UltraViolet-A Protection Factor (UVA-PF) of the sunscreen by comparing the amount of light remitted from the skin with the sunscreen to the amount of light remitted from the skin without the sunscreen.

A device for measuring radiation backscattered by a sample including: at least one light source that is configured to emit a light beam, along an axis of incidence, towards a surface of the sample so as to form, on said surface, an elementary illumination zone; an image sensor for forming an image of the radiation backscattered by the sample when the latter is illuminated by the light source, the image sensor lying in a detection plane; a bundle of optical fibres, extending, along an extension axis, between a proximal surface and a distal surface, the proximal surface being applied against the image sensor, the distal surface being configured to be applied against the surface of the sample;
wherein the light source is arranged around the bundle of optical fibres, and wherein the distance between the light source and the bundle of optical fibres is less than 1 mm.