An object is to provide a signal output apparatus and a concentration measurement system capable of correcting a deviation caused by a characteristic variation of each apparatus and realizing concentration measurement with high accuracy.

The signal output apparatus provides a signal output apparatus including a support unit, a light receiving unit provided at the support unit, and configured to receive infrared rays emitted to a measurement target substance, and output a detection signal according to the received infrared rays, a storage unit provided at the support unit, and configured to store a parameter according to a characteristic of at least one of a plurality of components including the light receiving unit, the parameter being used for concentration computation of the measurement target substance, as a calibration parameter, and an interface unit provided at the support unit, and configured to output an output signal including a calibration parameter signal according to the calibration parameter input from the storage unit and a signal based on the detection signal input from the light receiving unit to a signal computation processing unit externally provided, without executing the concentration computation.

A gas absorption spectrum measuring system, including a light source, a light source controller, a light intensity detector and a computing module is provided. The light source emits a light. The light source controller regulates a wavelength of the light. The light intensity detector detects an intensity of the light which is generated by the light source and passes through at least one target gas. The computing module includes a numerical processor and a storage unit. The storage unit stores a spectral database. The numerical processor fits an absorption spectrum of the at least one target gas and a standard spectrum in the spectral database, performs a similarity comparison operation to obtain a temperature and a pressure of the at least one target gas with a minimum residual value, and determines a species concentration of the at least one target gas according to the minimum residual value.

A gas absorption spectrum measuring system, including a light source, a light source controller, a light intensity detector and a computing module is provided. The light source emits a light. The light source controller regulates a wavelength of the light. The light intensity detector detects an intensity of the light which is generated by the light source and passes through at least one target gas. The computing module includes a numerical processor and a storage unit. The storage unit stores a spectral database. The numerical processor fits an absorption spectrum of the at least one target gas and a standard spectrum in the spectral database, performs a similarity comparison operation to obtain a temperature and a pressure of the at least one target gas with a minimum residual value, and determines a species concentration of the at least one target gas according to the minimum residual value.

A device may obtain a master beta coefficient of a master calibration model associated with a master instrument. The master beta coefficient may be at a grid of a target instrument. The device may perform constrained optimization of an objective function, in accordance with a set of constraints, in order to determine a pair of transferred beta coefficients. The constrained optimization may be performed based on an initial pair of transferred beta coefficients, the master beta coefficient, and spectra associated with a scouting set. The device may determine, based on the pair of transferred beta coefficients, a transferred beta coefficient. The device may determine a final transferred beta coefficient based on a set of transferred beta coefficients including the transferred beta coefficient. The final transferred beta coefficient may be associated with generating a transferred calibration model, corresponding to the master calibration model, for use by the target instrument.

Disclosed herein is a method for improving the precision of a test result from an instrument with an optical system that detects a signal. The method comprises including in the instrument a normalization target disposed directly or indirectly in the optical path of the optical system. Also disclosed are instruments comprising a normalization target, and systems comprising such an instrument and a test device that receives a sample suspected of containing an analyte.

System and technique for inspecting a moving film by measuring the levels of light transmission through a thickness dimension of the film are described. The system includes a light source configured to provide light including a particular wavelength, or a particular range of wavelengths. The light from the light source is directed toward a first surface of the film, and an image capturing device is located adjacent to the light source on a second side of the film opposite the first surface, the image capturing device configured to measure the levels of light intensity exiting a second surface of the film. Measurements of the level of the light intensity passing through the film may be spatially synchronized to physical positions along the film to generated at least one roll map indicative of light transmission characteristics of the film over the imaged portions of the film.

A device may obtain a master beta coefficient of a master calibration model associated with a master instrument. The master beta coefficient may be at a grid of a target instrument. The device may perform constrained optimization of an objective function, in accordance with a set of constraints, in order to determine a pair of transferred beta coefficients. The constrained optimization may be performed based on an initial pair of transferred beta coefficients, the master beta coefficient, and spectra associated with a scouting set. The device may determine, based on the pair of transferred beta coefficients, a transferred beta coefficient. The device may determine a final transferred beta coefficient based on a set of transferred beta coefficients including the transferred beta coefficient. The final transferred beta coefficient may be associated with generating a transferred calibration model, corresponding to the master calibration model, for use by the target instrument.

To characterize hydrocarbon contamination, a container, an ultraviolet laser source and a detector are spatially positioned relative to each other. The container carries a hydrocarbon sample including a first hydrocarbon and a second hydrocarbon. The ultraviolet laser source is configured to emit an ultraviolet laser at a wavelength to irradiate the hydrocarbon sample in the container. The wavelength is configured to induce fluorescence in the hydrocarbon sample. The detector is configured to detect the induced fluorescence. The hydrocarbon sample in the container is irradiated with the ultraviolet laser at multiple locations within the container at respective multiple distances from the detector. The multiple locations are arranged in a straight line normal to the detector. A volume of the first hydrocarbon in the hydrocarbon sample is determined based on induced fluorescence detected by the detector at each of the multiple locations arranged in the straight line normal to the detector

A fluorometer may be used to measure ultralow concentrations of fluorescing species, such as ultralow concentrations of fluorescent tracer passing through a reverse osmosis membrane into a permeate stream. In some examples, the fluorometer may be recalibrated by resetting some but not all of the calibration parameters used to determine the concentration of fluorescent tracer in the permeate based on the measured fluorescent response of the fluorometer. For example, an intercept of a calibration curve may be reset or recalibrated for the fluorometer in situ, potentially providing significant accuracy improvements even though the fluorometer has not undergone a full recalibration.

Disclosed herein is a method for improving the precision of a test result from an instrument with an optical system that detects a signal. The method comprises including in the instrument a normalization target disposed directly or indirectly in the optical path of the optical system. Also disclosed are instruments comprising a normalization target, and systems comprising such an instrument and a test device that receives a sample suspected of containing an analyte.