A sensor is disclosed. The sensor according to an embodiment of the present invention may include a substrate; a first electrode pattern disposed on one side of the substrate to form a layer; a second electrode pattern disposed on the one side of the substrate to form a layer and separated from the first electrode pattern; a sensing layer located on the one side of the substrate and covering the first electrode pattern and the second electrode pattern and containing a semiconductor; a protective layer located on the one side of the substrate and covering at least a part of the sensing layer, and containing a material different from that of the sensing layer; a first electrode pad disposed on the one side of the substrate to form a layer and electrically connected to the first electrode pattern; a second electrode pad disposed on the one side of the substrate and electrically connected to the second electrode pattern; and a housing accommodating the substrate and including a filter spaced apart from the substrate, wherein the substrate includes an opening formed adjacent to an outer boundary of the first and second electrode patterns.

Disclosed is a gas sensor. The gas sensor comprises: a substrate; a thermoelectric layer which is disposed on the substrate and has a metal nanowire; a first electrode and a second electrode disposed to be spaced apart from each other on the thermoelectric layer; and a catalyst layer which is disposed on the first electrode and has a composite structure in which a metal particle is bonded to a carbon structure.

Disclosed is a gas sensor. The gas sensor comprises: a substrate; a thermoelectric layer which is disposed on the substrate and has a metal nanowire; a first electrode and a second electrode disposed to be spaced apart from each other on the thermoelectric layer; and a catalyst layer which is disposed on the first electrode and has a composite structure in which a metal particle is bonded to a carbon structure.

A thermochemical sensor is provided. The thermochemical sensor comprises: a substrate structure comprising a thermoelectric surface having concave portions and convex portions; a base fiber disposed on the thermoelectric surface of the substrate structure; and a catalyst layer that conformally covers the thermoelectric surface of the substrate structure and the base fiber.

A thermochemical sensor is provided. The thermochemical sensor comprises: a substrate structure comprising a thermoelectric surface having concave portions and convex portions; a base fiber disposed on the thermoelectric surface of the substrate structure; and a catalyst layer that conformally covers the thermoelectric surface of the substrate structure and the base fiber.

A process combustion transmitter is provided. The transmitter includes a process probe extendible into a flow of process combustion exhaust. The process probe has a measurement cell with an operating temperature that is above a flashpoint of process combustion fuel. The process probe includes a heater configured to heat the measurement cell to the operating temperature. Electronic circuitry is coupled to the measurement cell and to the heater. The electronic circuitry is configured to disengage power to the heater once process combustion heat is sufficient to maintain the measurement cell at the operating temperature and thereafter to maintain the heater in a de-energized state.

A process combustion transmitter is provided. The transmitter includes a process probe extendible into a flow of process combustion exhaust. The process probe has a measurement cell with an operating temperature that is above a flashpoint of process combustion fuel. The process probe includes a heater configured to heat the measurement cell to the operating temperature. Electronic circuitry is coupled to the measurement cell and to the heater. The electronic circuitry is configured to disengage power to the heater once process combustion heat is sufficient to maintain the measurement cell at the operating temperature and thereafter to maintain the heater in a de-energized state.

A heat tone sensor includes a housing with a gas inlet and with a gas outlet as well as a device for generating a gas stream of a gas to be tested between the gas inlet and the gas outlet. A measuring element, around and/or through which the gas stream flows, is configured to catalytically burn at least a portion of the gas stream and to send a measurement signal. The measurement signal indicates a quantity of heat released in the process.

A heat tone sensor includes a housing with a gas inlet and with a gas outlet as well as a device for generating a gas stream of a gas to be tested between the gas inlet and the gas outlet. A measuring element, around and/or through which the gas stream flows, is configured to catalytically burn at least a portion of the gas stream and to send a measurement signal. The measurement signal indicates a quantity of heat released in the process.

A thermally representative phantom mammalian manikin assembly is provided. The assembly can include a cover portion representative of mammalian tissue partially enclosing a thermal cavity having a thermally representative material therein. The cover portion can have an opening with a cap extending across the opening and configured to further enclose the thermal cavity. The cap can have an aperture extending therethrough to receive a device extending through the aperture and into the thermally representative material within the thermal cavity. The device can be a thermocouple configured to measure a temperature of the thermally representative material. In assemblies representing mammalian limbs, the assembly can further include a second thermal cavity representing an additional portion of the limb, e.g., thermally representative upper and lower leg cavities.