The present invention provides methods for selecting a cancer patient who is AHR nuclear positive, and methods for treating cancer comprising selecting a cancer patient who is AHR nuclear positive, and administering to the patient an AHR inhibitor.

The present disclosure provides methods for predicting and thereby treating cancer or increasing the efficacy of an anti-cancer medication, in part by measuring checkpoint proteins on extracellular vesicles released from non-cancer cells. These checkpoint proteins promote cancer progression and/or compensate for the loss of signal from the checkpoint proteins being inhibited by the checkpoint inhibitory therapy. Compositions and methods of treatment are also provided.

The present invention provides methods and materials for diagnosing cancer in an individual using a tissue, blood or urine sample from the patient. Specifically, the disclosed method comprises determining the level of one or more metabolite selected from the group consisting of creatine riboside, metabolite 561+, cortisol sulfate and N-acetylneuraminic acid. The present invention also provides a method for determining the prognosis of a cancer patient by determining the level of one or more metabolite selected from the group consisting of creatine riboside, metabolite 561+, cortisol sulfate and N-acetylneuraminic acid. Also provided are kits for detecting cancer or determining the prognosis of a cancer patient.

The present invention is directed to methods for detecting a melanoma, methods for determining whether a melanoma is stable or progressive, methods for evaluating the extent of surgery resection in a subject having a melanoma, and methods for determining a response by a subject having a melanoma to a therapy.

The invention generally relates to methods for predicting responsiveness of a cancer to an immunotherapeutic agent and methods of treating cancer. More specifically, the invention relates in part to the use of histone H3 lysine (27) trimethylation (H3K27me3), E-cadherin, and other biomarkers to treat cancer and determine the responsiveness of a cancer tumor to treatment with an immunotherapeutic agent.

Methods for identifying cancer patients amenable to anti-cancer immunotherapy are provided along with methods of monitoring cancer therapy. Also provided are methods of treating cancer patients amenable to anti-cancer immunotherapy. The methods involve determining the level of CD127 <low> PD-1 <low> T cells. The patients are treated with an immune checkpoint inhibitor, such as an anti-CTLA-4 antibody, e.g. ipilimumab.

The subject matter disclosed herein relates generally to cancer therapy and to anticancer compounds and imaging agents. More specifically, the subject matter disclosed herein relates to agents that target MC1R and their use in the treatment of cancer. Methods of screening for MC1R targeted agents are also disclosed.

The disclosure provides novel personalized therapies, kits, transmittable forms of information and methods for use in treating patients having cancer, wherein the cancer is amenable to therapeutic treatment with an inhibitor, e.g., an inhibitor of any of the targets disclosed herein. Kits, methods of screening for candidate inhibitors, and associated methods of treatment are also provided.

The current disclosure provides for novel therapeutic methods by identifying patient populations that may be treated effectively by immunotherapies. It was found that responders of immunotherapeutic treatments have a higher amount of B-cell exosomes in their blood than non-responders. Aspects of the disclosure relate to a method of treating cancer in a subject comprising administering to the subject immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) therapy after B-cell exosomes have been detected in a biological sample from the subject.

A method of predicting the responsiveness of a subject having a disease to a treatment with an inhibitor of Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 2 (IDO), an inhibitor of tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase (TDO), or an inhibitor of the IDO/TDO pathway and/or an additional therapy comprises performing a genotype assay to determine the presence, absence or mutation of the Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 2 (ID02) gene at the single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) site rs4503084 and the SNP site rs10109853.