Methods for diagnosing a subject as a candidate for removal of a solid tumor without preoperative chemoradiation therapy, and methods for treating patients having solid tumors, who have one or more of genomic instability, elevated double stranded DNA breaks, elevated gamma-H2AX foci, or elevated replication stress and/or double stranded break-signalling (DSB-signalling) biomarkers in peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBLs) are provided herein.

The present invention relates to epitopes of glypican-1 (GPC-1) and uses thereof.

The present disclosure relates to materials and methods for evaluating prostate cancer using binding entities (such as antibodies) that bind to the N-terminus and the C-Terminus of androgen receptor. Prostate samples are histochemically labeled for the N-terminus and the C-Terminus of androgen receptor, and a ratio between the binding of the N- and C-terminal antibodies is determined.

The present invention provides ST6GAL1, GALNT7, FUT8 and GCNT1 as novel biological fluid (e.g. blood or urine) biomarkers for prostate cancer. Methods for diagnosing prostate cancer or the risk of developing prostate cancer, or for monitoring prostate cancer progression (including prostate cancer relapse) and methods for treatment of prostate cancer are also provided. The invention also provides methods for determining the therapeutic effect of appropriate treatment regimens for prostate cancer or determining a subject's compliance or adherence with a prescribed treatment regimen for prostate cancer. Corresponding kits, assay devices and uses are also provided.

Disclosed are methods for personalized treatment of tumor lesions in subject following primary tumor treatment. Disclosed are methods related to using patient specific prostate cancer dynamic model to adjust a patient's intermittent androgen deprivation therapy to determine when to pause IADT, when to resume IADT, the amount of treatment, and the rate of treatment and thereby increasing the time to progression of the tumor and thus prolonging post cancer treatment survival.

The present invention provides methods for analysing a urine sample from a subject comprising exposing the urine sample to a lysis buffer which is capable of releasing at least one biomarker from cells in the urine sample. The present invention further provides kits, devices, and apparatuses that can be used in these methods. Finally, the present invention provides methods for detecting the presence of a urological cancer in a subject comprising performing an assay on a sample from a subject to determine the concentration of an Mcm protein.

Provided are methods for detecting or isolating circulating tumor cells (CTCs) in a subject. The methods may include detecting the expression of at least one epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT) biomarker. Further provided are kits for detecting or isolating CTCs. The kits may include antibodies to at least one EMT biomarker. Further provided are methods of predicting the responsiveness of a subject to a cancer drug, methods of targeting delivery of a cancer drug in a subject, methods of providing a cancer prognosis to a subject, and methods for following the progress of cancer in a subject.

An object of the present invention is to provide a standard substance for quantification of PSA having a specific sugar chain that can be used in a general purpose quantification, wherein the standard substance has less unbalanced sugar chain expression patterns, can be manufactured with high reproducibility, and enables the quantification of patient's sample comprising a high concentration of PSA, and preparation method therefor, standard solution for PSA quantification, and PSA quantification method. The standard substance comprises a compound having the structure of a PSA with a sugar chain represented by any of the following formulae A to D, and is isolated and purified from a natural product, chemically or enzymatically altered from a natural product, or the compound is artificially synthesized.

The present invention generally relates to a method of diagnosing, prognosing and treating prostate cancer patients. Particularly, the present invention relates to a method of selecting patients with castration resistant prostate cancer (CrPC) for combination therapy comprising a selective dipeptidyl peptidase inhibitor and a PD-1 axis antagonist. The present invention provides a computational approach to identifying potential patients for CrPC. The present invention also relates to a method of treating castration resistant prostate cancer (CrPC) patients with said combination therapy.

The present invention relates in part to the discovery of genes that are deregulated in cancer stem cells (e.g., melanoma stem cells). In some aspects, methods for treating individuals having melanoma are provided; the methods involve modulating (e.g., inducing, inhibiting, etc.) the activity of the cancer stem cell associated genes. In other aspects, cell surface genes that are upregulated in melanoma stem cells are targeted for the selective isolation, detection, and killing of cancer stem cells in melanoma. Other aspects of the invention relate to reagents, arrays, compositions, and kits that are useful for diagnosing and treating melanoma.