Techniques described herein address these and other issues by utilizing two or more sensors to take temperature measurements from which a temperature-differential or instantaneous temperature rate-of-change, can be determined. In turn, this can be used to make a highly accurate model of the relationship between the temperature, temperature-differential, and clock circuitry frequency, to accurately estimate the frequency rate-of-change for frequency correction/compensation.

Techniques described herein address these and other issues by utilizing two or more sensors to take temperature measurements from which a temperature-differential or instantaneous temperature rate-of-change, can be determined. In turn, this can be used to make a highly accurate model of the relationship between the temperature, temperature-differential, and clock circuitry frequency, to accurately estimate the frequency rate-of-change for frequency correction/compensation.

Methods of manufacturing thermocouples may involve exposing a first thermoelement wire and a second thermoelement wire to a temperature in a range extending from about 50 C. to about 60 C. above an intended operational temperature of the first and second thermoelement wires and until a rate of change of a normalized voltage output of the first thermoelement wire and the second thermoelement wire is about 0.001 normalized Volts per hour or less.

An abnormality diagnosis apparatus performs: a first step of diagnosing a shortage of precharge voltage or a short-circuit failure between electrodes of a capacitor based on a detection value of a precharge voltage detection circuit in a state where a first relay and a second relay are turned off, and a precharge circuit is operated; a second step of diagnosing, after a normal determination in the first step, a disconnection failure of a precharge path based on the detection value of the precharge voltage detection circuit or a detection value of an inter-relay voltage detection circuit in a state where the first relay and the second relay are turned off, and the precharge circuit is not operated; and a relay failure diagnosis step of diagnosing, after a normal determination in the second step, a short-circuit failure and an open failure of the first relay or the second relay.

Embodiments are presented herein of an open-loop test system for testing vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs). A high-speed pulse generator may be used to produce nanoseconds pulses provided to the VCSEL device. A high-speed oscilloscope may be used to measure the resultant nanoseconds pulses across the VCSEL device. The VCSEL device voltage and VCSEL device current may be obtained from the measured nanosecond pulses according to compensation data derived from the system. A pre-test compensation procedure may be used to obtain the compensation data, which may include representative characteristics of each system component. The compensation procedure may also include capturing specified pulse trains under different load conditions of the pulse generator to obtain a scaling relationship between the VCSEL device current and an input voltage used for the pulse generation, and also for obtaining various parameters later used to derive an accurate VCSEL device voltage and an accurate VCSEL device current.

Methods of manufacturing thermocouples having a first thermoelement wire comprises a molybdenum-lanthanum based material and a second thermoelement wire comprises a phosphorus-doped niobium, may involve exposing a first thermoelement wire and a second thermoelement wire to a temperature in a range extending from about 50? C. to about 60? C. above an intended operational temperature of the first and second thermoelement wires and until a rate of change of a normalized voltage output of the first thermoelement wire and the second thermoelement wire is about 0.001 normalized Volts per hour or less.

Methods of manufacturing thermocouples having a first thermoelement wire comprises a molybdenum-lanthanum based material and a second thermoelement wire comprises a phosphorus-doped niobium, may involve exposing a first thermoelement wire and a second thermoelement wire to a temperature in a range extending from about 50? C. to about 60? C. above an intended operational temperature of the first and second thermoelement wires and until a rate of change of a normalized voltage output of the first thermoelement wire and the second thermoelement wire is about 0.001 normalized Volts per hour or less.

The purpose of the present invention is to provide a mounting substrate having reduced size and cost, and a current measurement device for a storage battery. In order to achieve the purpose, this mounting substrate is characterized by having: a heat generating element; a temperature sensor for measuring the temperature of the heat generating element; and a slit that surrounds at least a part of the heat generating element and the temperature sensor. Furthermore this current measurement device for a storage battery measures currents flowing in a plurality of cell sense circuits that measure voltages of a plurality of storage batteries, and the sell sense circuits are provided on the mounting substrate that has the heat generating element, the temperature sensor that measures the temperature of the heat generating element, and the slit that surrounds at least the part of the heat generating element and the temperature sensor, the cell sense circuits being provided with a current calculation unit that obtains the currents on the basis of measurement results obtained by the temperature sensor.

The purpose of the present invention is to provide a mounting substrate having reduced size and cost, and a current measurement device for a storage battery. In order to achieve the purpose, this mounting substrate is characterized by having: a heat generating element; a temperature sensor for measuring the temperature of the heat generating element; and a slit that surrounds at least a part of the heat generating element and the temperature sensor. Furthermore this current measurement device for a storage battery measures currents flowing in a plurality of cell sense circuits that measure voltages of a plurality of storage batteries, and the sell sense circuits are provided on the mounting substrate that has the heat generating element, the temperature sensor that measures the temperature of the heat generating element, and the slit that surrounds at least the part of the heat generating element and the temperature sensor, the cell sense circuits being provided with a current calculation unit that obtains the currents on the basis of measurement results obtained by the temperature sensor.