An optical device includes a first plate having a first transparent region defining an exit face of the device, and a second plate having a second transparent region defining an entrance face of the device. At least one lens is formed over at least one of the first and second transparent regions. First and second planar reflectors are spaced apart and fixed between the first and second plates in mutually-parallel orientations diagonal to the first and second plates, thereby defining an optical path through the device from the entrance face, reflecting from the first and second reflectors, through the exit face and passing through the at least one refractive surface.

There is provided an image pickup element including a non-planar layer having a non-planar light incident surface in a light receiving region, and a microlens of an inorganic material which is provided on a side of the light incident surface of the non-planar layer, and collects incident light.

Passive radiative cooling structures and apparatus manufactured with such cooling structures conserve energy needs. A flexible film transparent to visible light incorporates particles at a volume percentage larger than 25% so as to absorb and emit infrared radiation at wavelengths where Earth's atmosphere is transparent. Another film transparent to visible light is thin and flexible and configured to absorb and emit infrared radiation at wavelengths where Earth's atmosphere is transparent, wherein etchings or depositions are present on one or both surfaces. A high efficiency cooling structure has an emissive layer sandwiched between a waveguide layer and a thermal conductive layer. A solar cell panel is covered by a transparent passive radiative cooling film. A container housing an active cooling unit incorporates passive radiative cooling structures on one or more exterior surfaces.

A moiré image processing device is provided, including a light-transmitting film, a light sensor, and an image processor. The light-transmitting film includes a plurality of microlenses, and a light-incident surface and a light-exit surface, where the microlenses are disposed on the light-incident surface, the light-exit surface, or a combination thereof according to a distribution pattern. The light sensor includes a photosensitive surface, where the photosensitive surface faces the light-exit surface, there are a plurality of pixels on the photosensitive surface, and the pixels sense the microlenses to obtain a photosensitive image corresponding to the distribution pattern. The image processor is coupled to the light sensor, where the image processor performs, according to a virtual image and the photosensitive image, image processing of simulating a moiré effect to generate a moiré image, where the virtual image corresponds to the distribution pattern and is similar to the photosensitive image.

Disclosed is an instrument including a multipath, monolithic optical component, made up of a portion of a transparent material between two opposite faces of the component. One of the two faces of the component is formed by a first refracting surface, and the other face includes several second refracting surfaces which are juxtaposed. Each optical path of the component is formed by one of the second refracting surfaces in combination with a corresponding portion of the first refracting surface. One such component is suited for being part, within the instrument, of a detection module with multiple optical paths arranged in parallel, with a matrix photodetector shared by the optical paths. Such a detection module may be compact enough in order to be integrated into a cryostat cold screen, improving cooling thereof, and may be combined with an objective in order to form an instrument with multiple optical paths.

A light-emitting element (10) includes: a light-emitting part (30) including a light-emitting region; a first optical path control unit (71) which has positive optical power and to which light emitted from the light-emitting region enters; a second optical path control unit (72) which has positive optical power and to which light exited from the first optical path control unit (71) enters; and a bonding member (35) interposed between the first optical path control unit (71) and the second optical path control unit (72), in which an optical axis (LN.sub.1) of the first optical path control unit (71) is displaced from an optical axis (LN.sub.2) of the second optical path control unit (72).

A structure includes: a near infrared transmitting filter that shields light in a visible range and allows transmission of at least a part of light in a near infrared range; and a member that is provided on an optical path of the near infrared transmitting filter on at least one of an incidence side into the near infrared transmitting filter or an emission side from the near infrared transmitting filter, allows transmission of light in a near infrared range, and has a refractive index of 1.7 or higher for the light in the near infrared range.

An image sensor including: a substrate which has a first surface and a second surface opposite to the first surface and pixels arranged in a two-dimensional array, wherein each of the pixels includes a photodiode; a multi-wiring layer arranged on the first surface of the substrate; a color filter layer arranged on the second surface of the substrate and including color filters that respectively correspond to the pixels; and a lens layer arranged on the color filter layer and including a double-sided spherical lens, wherein the double-sided spherical lens includes at least two material layers having different refractive indexes.

There is provided a camera module including a stacked lens structure including a plurality of lens substrates. The plurality of lens substrates includes a first lens substrate including a first lens that is disposed at an inner side of a through-hole formed in the first lens substrate, and a second lens substrate including a second lens that is disposed at an inner side of a through-hole formed in the second lens substrate, wherein the first lens substrate is directly bonded to the second lens substrate. The camera module further includes an electromagnetic drive unit configured to adjust a distance between the stacked lens structure and a light-receiving element.

A display panel, a display device and a display method. The display panel includes a first microlens array, a pixel island array and a second lens. The pixel island array is configured to display a plurality of sub-original images. The first microlens array is configured to converge light emitted from the plurality of sub-original images so as to obtain imaging light, and the imaging light is capable of forming a first virtual image. The second lens is on a user viewing side of the display panel relative to the first microlens array, and the second lens is configured to converge the imaging light so as to obtain a second virtual image. The first virtual image is a virtual image in which the plurality of sub-original images are stitched and enlarged, and the second virtual image is an enlarged virtual image of the first virtual image.