A laser beam combining apparatus, and a combined stepped reflector and a filling rate calculation method thereof are disclosed. The laser beam combining apparatus includes a two-dimensional light-emitting array and the combined stepped reflector used to reflect a plurality of laser beams emitted by the two-dimensional light-emitting array. The combined stepped reflector is composed of a plurality of reflective mirrors that have the same length but sequentially increasing widths and that are stacked in succession, where the distance between centers of the laser beams reflected by the combined stepped reflector is smaller than the distance between centers of the laser beams prior to the incidence, thus increasing the filling rate of the laser beams emitted by the two-dimensional light-emitting array. A method for calculating the filling rate of the laser beam combining apparatus is also provided.

An optical assembly including an optical element insert molded directly onto an optical stack is provided. The optical stack includes an optical film and may include a liner with the optical film being disposed between the optical element and the liner. The liner, if included, is removable from the optical film without substantial damage to the optical film. An outermost layer of the optical film may be diffusion bonded to a major surface of the optical element. The optical film includes a protective coating having an average thickness of no more than 30 micrometers. The protective coating includes an at least partially cured composition. The composition includes 70 to 96 weight percent of urethane (meth)acrylate compound having an average (meth)acrylate functionality of 2 to 9.5, and 2 to 20 weight percent of (meth)acrylate monomer having a (meth)acrylate functionality of 1 to 2.

A PV device comprises a first mirror comprising a reflectance of higher than 50%; a second mirror interface; and an optical cavity positioned between the first mirror and the second mirror interface and comprising at least one IC stage. Each of the at least one IC stage comprises a conduction band; a valence band; a hole barrier comprising a first band gap; an absorption region coupled to the hole barrier, comprising a second band gap that is less than the first band gap, and configured to absorb photons; and an electron barrier coupled to the absorption region so that the absorption region is positioned between the hole barrier and the electron barrier. The electron barrier comprises a third band gap that is greater than the second band gap. The PV device is configured to operate at a forward bias voltage with a net photon absorption for generating an electric output.

After a step of etching a core layer, a lower cladding layer, and a substrate so that a recessed opening including one end of an optical waveguide is formed relative to a multilayer board and a step of forming mask layers on a top surface of the substrate including the opening, in a step, crystal is grown with respect to the mask layers in the opening, and a tilt surface to be used as the monolithic mirror is formed. An upper cladding layer is formed covering the core layer at the same time. Then, formation of an optical waveguide pattern, formation of the optical waveguide and an end surface of the optical waveguide, formation of a dielectric film for preventing reflection, and formation of a metal film on a surface of the tilt surface are executed.

A delay mirror 1 includes a base 2, and an optical multilayer film 4 formed on a surface R of the base 2. The value of a group delay in a first wavelength band according to the optical multilayer film 4 is different from the value of the group delay in the second wavelength band according to the optical multilayer film 4, and the value of a group delay dispersion in the first wavelength band according to the optical multilayer film 4 and the value of the group delay dispersion in the second wavelength band according to the optical multilayer film 4 are each not less than −100 fs.sup.2 and not greater than 100 fs.sup.2. Further, the delay mirror system includes a delay mirror movement mechanism which moves the delay mirror 1 such that the number of times of reflection is changed.

A reflector including a substrate and a plurality of alternating layers of two materials having different indices of refraction disposed on the substrate, wherein the reflector exhibits a central peak in reflectance vs wavelength and the reflectance of the high-energy side-lobes is increased in intensity and the reflectance of the low-energy side-lobes is reduced in intensity and method for making the reflector is disclosed.

A single crystal multilayer low-loss optical component including first and second layers made from dissimilar materials, with the materials including the first layer lattice-matched to the materials including the second layer. The first and second layers are grown epitaxially in pairs on a growth substrate to which the materials of the first layer are also lattice-matched, such that a single crystal multilayer optical component is formed. The optical component may further include a second substrate to which the layer pairs are wafer bonded after being removed from the growth substrate.

Provided are an optical modulation device, a method of operating the same, and an apparatus including the optical modulation device. The optical modulation device may include a mirror area, a nano-antenna area, and an active area located between the mirror area and the nano-antenna area, and a plurality of first electrodes and a plurality of second electrodes for changing physical properties of the active area may intersect each other to form a cross-point array structure. The plurality of first electrodes may be included in the mirror area or may be provided separately from the mirror area. The plurality of second electrodes may be included in the nano-antenna area and may be provided separately from the nano-antenna area.

An omnidirectional image and video capturing system including a tube, a plurality of reflectors, openings for rays of light to the enter tube, and a stitching, display or decoding non-transitory storage media. The reflectors may include a first mirror, a second mirror, a third mirror, and a fourth mirror and may be angled at an approximate 45-degree angle and a fifth mirror that may capture reflected images from the first (4) four mirrors.

Disclosed are a light receiving module and a light detection and ranging (LIDAR) including the same. The light receiving module according to one embodiment of the present disclosure includes a receiving lens configured to receive external light, a reflective mirror configured to selectively reflect some of the light received by the receiving lens, and a detector configured to detect the light reflected by the reflective mirror, wherein the reflective mirror includes a mirror body having a first surface on a side on which the light received by the receiving lens is incident and a second surface on an opposite side of the first surface, a reflective layer provided on the first surface to reflect light in a designed wavelength region selected according to a predetermined criterion among the light received by the receiving lens, and to transmit light in a noise wavelength region other than the designed wavelength region, and a transmissive layer provided on the second surface so that the light in the noise wavelength region that has passed through the mirror body is transmitted.