A display device includes a base layer, a first pixel transistor, a first gate line, a first data line electrically connected to the first pixel transistor, a first pixel electrode electrically connected to the first pixel transistor and overlapping the first data line in a plan view, and a porous layer. The porous layer is disposed between the first data line and the first pixel electrode and includes a matrix including a polymer resin and a plurality of void portions defined in the matrix. The display device is capable of displaying a sharp image because the porous layer alleviates or prevents a crosstalk between the first data line and the first pixel electrode.

A liquid crystal cell including at least two substrates transparent to visible part of light spectrum, a liquid crystal layer encased between the substrates, and a stack of functional layers formed over the substrates and enclosed between a given substrate and the liquid crystal layer. In a direction from the given substrate towards the liquid crystal layer, said stack comprises a first dielectric layer, a transparent electrode layer, and a second dielectric layer. A refractive index of the first dielectric layer lies in a range between a refractive index of the given substrate and a refractive index of the transparent electrode layer. A refractive index of the second dielectric layer lies in a range between the refractive index of the transparent electrode layer and a refractive index of the liquid crystal layer corresponding to a homeotropic alignment of a liquid crystal material of the liquid crystal layer.

An optical device includes a first waveguide that propagates light in a first direction; and a second waveguide including a first mirror, a second mirror, and an optical waveguide layer. The first mirror extends in the first direction and has a first reflecting surface, and the second mirror extends in the first direction and has a second reflecting surface. The optical waveguide layer is located between the first and second mirrors and propagates the light in the first direction. A forward end portion of the first waveguide is disposed inside the optical waveguide layer. In a region in which the first and second waveguides overlap each other when viewed in a direction perpendicular to the first reflecting surface, at least part of the first waveguide and/or at least part of the second waveguide includes at least one grating whose refractive index varies periodically in the first direction.

A liquid crystal cell including at least two substrates transparent to visible part of light spectrum, a liquid crystal layer encased between the substrates, and a stack of functional layers formed over the substrates and enclosed between a given substrate and the liquid crystal layer. In a direction from the given substrate towards the liquid crystal layer, said stack comprises a first dielectric layer, a transparent electrode layer, and a second dielectric layer. A refractive index of the first dielectric layer lies in a range between a refractive index of the given substrate and a refractive index of the transparent electrode layer. A refractive index of the second dielectric layer lies in a range between the refractive index of the transparent electrode layer and a refractive index of the liquid crystal layer corresponding to a homeotropic alignment of a liquid crystal material of the liquid crystal layer.

Examples are disclosed relating to reducing orders of diffraction patterns in phase modulating devices. An example phase modulating device includes a phase modulating layer having first and second opposing sides, a common electrode adjacent the first side of the phase modulating layer, a plurality of pixel electrodes adjacent the second side of the phase modulating layer, and blurring material disposed between the phase modulating layer and the pixel electrodes. In the example phase modulating device, the blurring material is configured to smooth phase transitions in the phase modulating layer between localized areas associated with the pixel electrodes, the pixel electrodes have a pixel pitch by which the pixel electrodes are distributed along the phase modulating layer, and the pixel electrodes are separated from one another by an inter-pixel gap, where the ratio of the inter-pixel gap to the pixel pitch is between 0.50 and 1.0.

Metamaterials or artificial negative index materials (NIMs) have generated great attention due to their unique and exotic electromagnetic properties. One exemplary negative dielectric constant material, which is an essential key for creating the NIMs, was developed by doping ions into a polymer, a protonated poly (benzimidazole) (PBI). The doped PBI showed a negative dielectric constant at megahertz (MHz) frequencies due to its reduced plasma frequency and an induction effect. The magnitude of the negative dielectric constant and the resonance frequency were tunable by doping concentration. The highly doped PBI showed larger absolute magnitude of negative dielectric constant at just above its resonance frequency than the less doped PBI.

Embodiments of the present disclosure provides a display panel and a display apparatus. The display panel includes: a substrate; a plurality of strip electrode groups, disposed on the substrate, each of the strip electrode groups including a first strip electrode and a second strip electrode; a liquid crystal layer, disposed on the first strip electrode and the second strip electrode; a color filter layer, disposed on the liquid crystal layer and including a plurality of color filter sublayers, wherein dielectric constants of at least two of color filter sublayers are different; and a plate electrode, disposed on the color filter layer.

A dielectrophoretic display is shifted from a low frequency closed state to a high frequency open state via at least one, and preferably several, intermediate frequency states; the use of such multiple frequency steps reduces flicker during the transition. A second type of dielectrophoretic display has a light-transmissive electrode through which the dielectrophoretic medium can be viewed and a conductor connected to the light-transmissive electrode at several points to reduce voltage variations within the light-transmissive electrode.

An image display device element, a filter element, and a reflective element allow a brightened display screen displaying red, green, blue, and composite colors through use of a single light-emitting portion. The image display device has a first element where a boundary wavelength between light absorption and light transmission or between reflection in an oblique direction and light transmission is variable or fixed and a second element where a wavelength region to be reflected is variable or fixed. The boundary wavelength of the first element and/or the wavelength region of the second element is variable. A positional relationship exists where light transmitted by the first element is incident on the second element. Controlling overlap between light transmission bands of the elements through varying the boundary wavelength of the first element and/or the wavelength region of the second element varies a band and amount of light reflected by the second element.

An electronic device is provided, including: a first substrate, a plurality of phase shifters, a second substrate, a plurality of patches, a common electrode layer, a dielectric layer, and a liquid-crystal layer. The plurality of phase shifters are disposed on the first substrate. The second substrate has an inner side facing the first substrate. The plurality of patches are disposed on the inner side of the second substrate. The dielectric layer is disposed between the common electrode layer and the second substrate and on the plurality of patches. The liquid-crystal layer is disposed between the plurality of phase shifters and the common electrode layer.